我们提供一站式服务为您申请Astro和Broadband。不必开车，排队和在销售柜台等候。 我们可以帮助您处理您的申请。

我们不收取额外费用。 无需提供信用卡信息。 费用与您在销售柜台申请的费用相同。

首先，您可以在线申请，我们将在工作时间内立即与您联系。 通过WhatsApp/电子邮件/传真发送您的身份证-IC（马来西亚公民）/ 护照（外国人）的复印件给我们。 收到所有资料后，我们将立即处理您的申请。

一旦收到您的完整资料，我们将在工作时间内立即处理您的申请。一旦您的申请获得批准，服务提供商的承包商将与您联系以进行安装预约。

ASTRO 和宽频收费同时在一张账单，享受更大的节省和无忧的账单支付。 在24个月的合约期内，您可以每月以折扣价享受 Astro 和宽频。

Astro 提供多种电视配套，包括娱乐、体育、电影和儿童配套。您可以选择符合您观看需求的配套，并在适用情况下添加额外的串流应用服务。

可以，您可以只订阅 Astro 电视配套而无需绑定宽频。不过，将 Astro 电视与光纤宽频绑定可享有更好的每月优惠，并且只需支付一张综合账单，更加方便。

对于小型家庭以及轻度上网和串流使用者，100Mbps 通常已足够。较大家庭、游戏玩家或重度串流用户则可选择 500Mbps 或 1Gbps 配套，以获得更流畅的多设备使用体验。

大多数 Astro 电视和光纤宽频配套都附带 24 个月合约期。如在合约期满前取消服务，可能会产生提前终止费用。

可以，您可在符合资格及覆盖范围的情况下随时升级电视配套或宽频速度。根据升级情况，可能需要重新计算合约期限。

您的每月账单将由 Astro 直接发出。您可通过电子邮件接收账单，或通过 Astro 账户在线查看。绑定配套用户将收到电视与宽频服务的综合账单。

付款方式包括网上银行、自动扣款、信用卡或 Astro 提供的其他认可付款渠道。我们的团队将在申请过程中为您提供协助。

如果您遇到任何服务中断问题，可联系 Astro 客户服务寻求技术协助。大多数情况下可远程解决，如有需要将安排技术人员上门处理。

可以，迁移服务需视新地址是否在服务覆盖范围内而定。根据您的配套，可能会产生迁移费用及合约调整。

不需要，提交申请时无需提供信用卡资料。服务获批后，付款安排将由 Astro 直接处理。

部分 Astro 电视配套可根据当前促销及服务情况添加串流服务等附加项目。可能需支付额外月费。

是的，光纤安装时通常会提供 WiFi 路由器。路由器型号可能会根据所选宽频速度配套而有所不同。

可以，我们会在处理您的申请前确认您地址的服务覆盖范围，以确保该地区可安装宽频服务。

马来西亚公民需提供 MyKad 复印件。外籍人士则需在提交宽频申请时提供护照复印件。

申请获批后，服务提供商通常会在 2 至 7 个工作日内联系您安排宽频安装预约。

大多数 Astro 宽频配套附带 24 个月合约期，从安装日期开始计算。如您搬迁，可能需要在新地址重新签订 24 个月合约。

可以，您可在新地址具备服务覆盖的情况下迁移宽频服务。合约期限可能会从新安装日期起重新计算 24 个月。

可以，您可申请在家中调整宽频设备位置。若属于非标准安装，可能会产生额外费用，并需在评估后直接支付给安装人员。

可以，您可转用 Astro 宽频。为避免服务中断，建议在终止现有宽频合约前先开通新的宽频服务。

标准安装在促销期间可能免费，但非标准安装（如设备迁移或复杂布线）可能会产生额外费用，并需直接支付给安装人员。

We would need you to run few tests in order for us to understand your issue and to assist you in fixing the problem.

This will not take longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please run each of  the test using your laptop or personal desktop by connecting to your Astro Fibre.
2. Please list down the impacted website (Provide us the complete URL i.e. www.astro.com.my).
3. We need you to run below tests and compile the pictures or screenshots of your test results into one file (i.e Microsof Word document, PDF file) and send to our agent in order for us to assist you further:
   • Run the Ping & Traceroute Test - For guidance, please click here for Ping & Traceroute Test guideline. 
   • You may run this by connecting via WiFi or LAN cable. Your test result will appears as per below screen and take a screenshot.

• Run the Speed Test - For guidance, please click here for Speed Test guideline.

We need you to run the Speed Test using both WiFi connection and LAN cable.

4. Once you've gathered all the results, attach in Feedback Form for further assistance.

 

Quick Info
A Speed Test is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.

Option 1

1. Please turn off all devices (Modem and Router). By restarting your modem, you can isolate the possibility of overloaded processes in the modem, which would  impact its performance.    

2. Ensure the fiber cable from your wall socket and modem is securely connected.

Notes: You might be connected to LAN 1 if backbone is Maxis

Router connection

3. Please make sure the LAN cable is connected properly from router (Port 1-4 - Yellow port) to PC/Laptop.

4. If the issue persists, submit your feedback form and attach your modem light indicator picture/video for further assistance.
 

Option 2/ Option 3/ Option 5/ Option 6

1. Please turn off all devices (Modem and Router). By restarting your modem, you can isolate the possibility of overloaded processes in the modem, which would  impact its performance.

2. Ensure the fiber cable from your wall socket and modem is securely connected.

3. Ensure both cables on the Modem (LAN Port 2) and Router (WAN Port - Red port) are properly connected.

Notes: You might be connected to LAN 1  if backbone is Maxis

Router connection

4. Please make sure the LAN cable is connected properly from router (Port 1-4 - Yellow port) to PC/Laptop.

5. Please make sure both cables on Router (Any Yellow port) and Astro Decoder (Network Port behind decoder) are properly inserted.

6. Switch on modem and router and please wait for 2 minutes to stabilise the devices after reboot.

7. If the issue persists, submit your feedback form and attach your modem light indicator picture/video for further assistance.

 

Option 4

1. Ensure Modem/Router are connected tightly to the power socket.

2. Try to use another power socket / power source to eliminate faulty power sockets/power sources which  could cause the issue.

3. If the issue persists, submit your feedback form for further assistance.

You may switch to E-mail Billing or Paper bills to be notified of your bill and make payment. Kindly note that if you select to have Paper Bills, you will be charged a RM10 fee per bill.

Please check your internet speed and connection status. If your internet is working without any issues, please logout & login into the app again.

If you are still having issues, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.

Create your Astro ID anytime by following these simple steps: 

• Step 1: Fill in your details at astro.com.my/astroID
  
  

Astro GO is a companion app that is complimentary for all Astro subscribers and allows up to 2 users to stream at the same time. 200 hours of cloud recording* come complimentary with your Pay TV subscription. 

Astro GO+ is an add-on service that enables up to 4 users to stream Astro GO and/or Multiroom Smart TV** at the same time. The amount of cloud recording storage will also be increased to 1500 hours. 

 

 *Cloud recording hours are shared across your Astro Box, Astro GO and Multiroom Smart TV 

** Provided that you have a Multiroom Smart TV subscription

electronic Know-Your-Customer (eKYC) is an online process of identifying and verifying individual customers using electronic means. This enables a person to be an Astro customer anytime and anywhere, hassle-free and helps to secure your Astro account by protecting it from unauthorised usage.

Connect your PVR to Wi-Fi and enjoy access to our library of Video On Demand. Replay old seasons, catch-up latest episodes of your favourite shows, anytime you want. To connect your PVR, follow the steps below depending on your box type:

(a) Wi-Fi Enabled PVR (DMT5)

·      Press the “Home” button and select “Settings” > “Network” > “Wi-Fi”

·      Allow the PVR to scan Wi-Fi networks available and subsequently choose your home Wi-Fi network > Enter your Wi-Fi password if required

·      Once connected, the icon below will appear on the screen.

‍
      Tip: Use the alpha-numeric keyboard on your Astro Remote to key in your password

·      Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!

‍

(b) Non-Wi-Fi Enabled PVR (HD PVR)

There are two ways to connect your HD PVR decoder to your home Wi-Fi
(i) Using the Ethernet (LAN) cable 
 

·       Plug in the LAN cable from your modem into the PVR network port

·       Once connected, the icon below will appear on the screen

·       Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!

(ii) Using an Astro Wi-Fi dongle as per shown below

Step 1 - Plugin the Wi-Fi dongle into the front USB part of your PVR decoder.

Step 2 - A prompt will appear stating "Do you wish to connect to a wireless network?", select "Yes, continue."

Step 3 - Once connected, the Wi-Fi icon will appear on the screen. Now you are ready to download and enjoy Astro's on demand entertainment.

Step 4 - Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!

*The Wi-Fi dongle is only applicable for the non-Wi-Fi enabled PVR (as per the picture).

You are attempting to play a content that is not part of your subscription. If you are not able to play a content that you are subscribed to, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.

No, you are still able to subscribe to iQIYI on your current Astro pack.

Step 1: Visit Astro website at https://www.astro.com.my/

Step 2: Click "Login'

Step 3: After login, click the profile icon and select 'Manage Profile'. You may change your account password here.

Connect your PVR to Wi-Fi and enjoy access to our library of Video On Demand. Replay old seasons, catch-up latest episodes of your favourite shows, anytime you want. To connect your PVR, follow the steps below:

STEP 1    

On your remote, press the “HOME” button and the home menu will be displayed at the bottom of your screen.

STEP 2    

Navigate to SETTINGS and press “OK”.

STEP 3    

Navigate to STB DIAGNOSTICS and press “OK”.

STEP 4  

Navigate to Network and press "OK".

STEP 5    

Navigate to Wi-Fi and press "OK".

STEP 6    

Select New Connection and press "OK".

STEP 7    

Select your Wi-Fi network and navigate to "Connect".

STEP 8    

Please enter the password to connect to your network and press "OK".

STEP 9    

You are successfully connected when this screen appears.

If band steering is enabled, you do not need to worry about which frequency band that your devices are connected to because the WiFi router will make the assessment and direct each device to appropriate frequency band.

However, it is important to note that quality and signal strength are not guaranteed due to unpredictability given that it is completely up to the connected devices and the WiFi router to intelligently decide on which band to connect.

 

STEP 1  

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2    

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3  

Navigate to STB Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Select Network Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5  

Details information of Network Diagnostics screen will be displayed.

You may proceed with the following troubleshooting steps and it shouldn’t take you much longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN cable (connect the LAN cable to the blue port in Cisco Router and direct to computer/laptop).

2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.1.1 and below page will appear.

‍

‍

4. Type the Username and Password as below. Then click "OK". (These are the defaults, if you have done previous configuration on your router the password may be different).

Username: admin

Password: admin (or time123)

5. Click "OK" when a Warning prompt that says,” Using this advanced utility to change your router settings could disable your network” appears. Below display will appears.

6. On the setup page, click the Wireless tab then click on the Basic Wireless Settings sub-tab.

7. On the Configuration View section, click the Manual radio button. Choosing the Manual setup will allow you to adjust your wireless channel according to your preference.

8. Click Wireless Security to view the security settings of your wireless network. Take note of the Security Mode and the Passphrase.

For the example below, the Security Mode used is WPA2/WPA Mixed Mode.

The Wireless name is called Network Name (SSID) and the Passphrase is your wireless password.

‍

9. Now that you have the Wireless name and Password, you are ready to connect your wireless computers and devices to the network.

10. You may change the Network Name (SSID) and the Passphrase to follow your preferences and please ensure save the changes made. Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.

‍

1. Ensure Modem/Router are connected tightly to the power socket.

2. Try to use another power socket / power source to eliminate faulty power sockets/power sources which could cause the issue.

3. If issue persists, submit your Feedback Form for further assistance.

In support of the environment, customers are encouraged to opt for bill statements delivered for free via email or SMS for better savings as the Paper Bill Charge will be revised from RM7.00 to RM10.00 per bill/month, starting 1st August 2022. The Paper Bill Charge will be waived for customers who opt for e-Billing as their preferred bill delivery method.

Surcharge is imposed by 3rd party payment collection partners for services rendered. Kindly note that customers may be charged a surcharge per transaction when bill payments are made via the following methods:-

Bill payments at selected petrol stations, convenience stores, retail/mobile shops, kiosk, and e-wallets may incur a surcharge of up to RM0.50 per transaction by the appointed collection agencies of RMS (formerly known as Razer/MOL), ATX, MobilityOne, and e-Pay.

·       To find out more on how to make your bill payments, click here.

No, the Mesh WiFi add-on with Astro Fibre is available as subscription service and will not be tied to any device contract.

We apologise for the inconvenience caused. If you have not receive the upgraded speed within 48 hours after the service activation, please call Astro’s Contact Centre at 03-9543 1543 and an Astro agent will be available to assist you immediately.
 

There are various offers currently available for both existing and new customers:

• Existing Astro TV Customers

You may choose from a selection of Astro Fibre speeds from 50Mbps to 800Mbps to accompany your Astro TV Packs from as low as RM60/month for 50Mbps or RM90/month for 100Mbps. That is more than RM900 of savings in total across all speed plans from 50Mbps to 800Mbps. On top of this offer, you will also get to enjoy a complimentary speed upgrade for 24 months if you subscribe within 24 November 2023 to 31 May 2024. This is part of Astro’s initiative to give better value to support loyal customers, and the full details of this offer are as follows:

Sign Up Speed	Upgraded Speed	Upgrade Duration	Original Price	Promotion Price	Rebates
50Mbps	100Mbps	24 months	RM99/month	RM60/month	RM39/month
100Mbps	500Mbps	24 months	RM129/month	RM90/month
500Mbps	800Mbps	24 months	RM189/month	RM150/month
800Mbps	N/A	N/A	RM249/month	RM210/month

*Offers applicable to non-Primary Pack bundles only.
**Speed upgrade offer is only eligible for customers who sign up within 24 November 2023 to 31 January 2024.
 

• For New Astro Customers

​Save more than RM600 by choosing the Sports or Movies Pack plus any speed starting at only RM164.99/month. Alternatively, new customers can also opt for the Primary Pack + Astro Fibre 50Mbps package for RM139.99/month as a perfect introductory package to Astro. On top of this offer, you will also get to enjoy a complimentary speed upgrade for  24 months. 
 

Sign Up Speed	Upgraded Speed	Upgrade Duration	Original Price	Promotion Price	Rebates
50Mbps	100Mbps	24 months	RM99/month	From RM70/month	Up to RM39/month
100Mbps	500Mbps	24 months	RM129/month	From RM100/month
500Mbps	800Mbps	24 months	RM189/month	From RM160/month
800Mbps	N/A	NA	RM249/month	From RM220/month

*Promotion price is applicable for Astro Fibre bundles only.
**Speed upgrade offer is only eligible for customers who sign up within 24 November 2023 to 31 May 2024.
 
 

Mac OS X

1. Click the Go tab in the top menu bar and select Utilities from the drop-down menu.

2. Type "network utility" in the search bar in the top right-hand corner of the Utilities window and then hit the "Enter" key on your keyboard. 

3. Click the Network Utility icon to open the Network Utility window.

4. For Ping Test, select the Ping tab and then type the address you'd like to ping in the text box. Click Ping and wait for the ping results.
 

5. For Traceroute Test, select the Traceroute tab and then type the address you like to traceroute in the text box. Click Trace and wait for the traceroute results.
 

Windows 10

1. Click the Search icon (magnifying glass) in the bottom left-hand corner and type "cmd" into the search bar.

2. Select the Command Prompt app - it will be at the top of the list of search results as the best match.

3. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the tracert results.

Windows 7 & Vista

1. Open the Start menu by clicking the Windows icon at the bottom left-hand corner of the screen.

2. Type "cmd" in the search bar at the  bottom of the menu.

3. Click cmd found in the search results for Programs.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.
 

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the traceroute results.

Windows 8

1. Move the mouse to the right-hand corner of the screen to make the vertical menu bar (charm bar) appear. Click Search.

2. Type "cmd" in the search bar and hit the Enter key on your keyboard.

3. Click cmd that found in the search results for Programs.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.
 

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the traceroute results.

Windows XP

1. Click the Start button in the bottom left-hand corner of the screen.

2. Click the Run option in the right-hand column.

3. Type "cmd" in the text box and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the tracert results.

Rescheduling must be done at least 1 hour prior to the original appointment time.

Please check SMS received on the unsuccessful payment status and should you require further clarification contact your issuing bank for clarification or contact us via WhatsApp.

• With numerous OTT entrants, consumers are suffering from subscription fatigue. In fact, they are looking for a one stop shop platform where OTT services are integrated in one place.

• Astro offers flexibility and convenience with new packs where customers can get the convenience of accessing a variety of content via Ultra Box as the single remote-control solution.  

• In addition, there will be cost savings for Astro customers to purchase both Netflix and Astro together. Even better deals available if customers also subscribe to broadband for a better-connected experience.

Yes, as long as it is compatible with Open Mesh standards and Astro Fibre equipment. However, Astro will not be responsible for managing or configuring the device. For the optimum WiFi experience, please pair your Astro Fibre with Astro's Mesh WiFi.

The new packs and access to Netflix on the Ultra Box and Ulti Box is available for Astro IPTV customers.

The warranty period will be 24 months.

You can request for a password reset by clicking on "Forgot My Password' at the login page.

No, Ultra Box is only available for Entertainment Pack and above only.

4K UHD offers 4 times the resolution of HDTV (4K UHD has 3840x2160 resolution with 8 million pixels compared to HD which has 1920x1080 with 2 million pixels), sharper detail, smoother lines and a richer colour palette, as well as a vibrant colour TV experience. 

Customers on Ultra Box with Sports Pack can tune in to the Astro SuperSport UHD Channel (CH 805 and CH 806) for an exciting selection of Sports content such as the Premier League and the Spanish Primera Liga. 

Customers on Ultra Box with Movies Pack and News & Documentaries add-on can stream some of the latest movies and documentaries respectively in UHD by pressing the “Home” button on your remote and exploring your choices at no additional cost.

In addition, customers can rent additional movies on top of their subscription and stream the latest and hottest 4K UHD Blockbuster movies, drama series and local movies, blockbuster movies in Ultra HD via Astro First Channel 480, and Astro Best Channel 481 and VOD titles in “Store”.

Please note that a standard rent rate applies for all these titles, to learn more about the pricing, head over to the FAQ section at www.astro.com.my/ultra

We would need you to  run few tests in order for us to understand your issue and to assist you in fixing the problem.

You may proceed with the troubleshooting steps below which should not require any longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please run each of the tests according to your your Laptop/ PC Software.

2. Compile the pictures/ screenshots of your test results in one file (i.e Microsof Word document, PDF file) and  attach them in the Support Ticket below in order for us to assist you further:

• List of websites effected.
• Run the Speed Test via LAN (cable) and Wi-Fi connection - Please click here for Speed Test guideline.
• Run the Traceroute Test - Please click here for Traceroute Test guideline.
• Run the Ping Test -  Please click here for Ping Test guideline.

3. Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below,

Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access  parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our  server.

Yes, you will need to pay additional RM25 per remaining contract months per unit on top of the standard Broadband penalty fee should you terminate the contract within 24 months.

This change was made to ensure that all customers enjoy a better user experience on our platforms and are kept up to date with which email address and mobile number is linked to their account.

Only new and existing Astro Fibre customers with the latest RG21 router can use the Astro Fibre app.

Yes, customers whose accounts are suspended but resumed within 24 months from their offer period start date will still be able to enjoy the internet speed upgrade upon service resumption. However, the speed upgrade offer period will not be extended despite the suspension period.
 
Unfortunately, customers whose accounts are suspended but resumed after 24 months from their offer period start date will not be able to receive the free speed upgrade.
 

Yes. Astro customers will soon be able to enjoy seamless access to Netflix on their connected Ultra and Ulti Boxes. Look out for more details then! Register your interest via https://astro.com.my/Netflix

STEP 1
Switch off the power of your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is off.


STEP 2
Unplug the HDMI cable from your TV and plug it back in securely to other available HDMI port.


STEP 3
Switch on the power for your box and make  sure that the adapter’s power light is on.
Please wait for 5 minutes.


STEP 4
Turn on your box. Do select the correct TV input.
You should no longer be experiencing this problem. 
​

If you choose to self-install the Plug& Play Box, then no installation fee will be charged. However, there will be an activation fee (please refer to the table below)

If you choose to have an installer to install the Plug & Play Box, then an installation fee will also apply.

STEP 1

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3

Navigate to Audio and press "OK".

STEP 4

Navigate to your preferred selection and press “OK”.

i.Initiate the app on your new Smart TV device, key in the unique code on the TV to your mobile

ii.You will see the list of devices on your mobile and choose the old device to be removed

iii.Your new Smart TV device will be added

Astro Fibre WiFi router is a dual-band edge Residential Gateway which supports two frequency bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz.

You may use the 'forgot password' recovery feature on the login page. Just enter the email address/ mobile number you signed up with and we will send you a recovery email.  

The payment will take some time to reflect in My Astro app and web account. If you experience any further issues or it is still not reflecting in My Astro, please reach out to us via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838 for more details.

Please switch your current subscriptions to our new Astro packs to subscribe to Multiroom (Smart TV). To sign up, WhatsApp "SWITCH" to 03-9543 3838 and an agent will assist you.

Find out more of our new packs at https://product.astro.com.my/tv

A security question will be asked when making payments with credit cards over the phone. All other payment channels will not require any form of verification.

There are no extra charges as it is a value-added service introduced provided for your convenience.

Please disregard the reminder if payment had been made and do check if you have any outstanding balance on Astro Quick Pay.

Refund process required 5 working days by Astro and additional 3 - 7 working days required subject to the respective processing banks.

Unfortunately, you cannot link your direct Disney+ Hotstar subscription to your Astro account. Please ensure that the mobile number used for your direct subscription to Disney+ Hotstar is different from the mobile number used to activate Disney+ Hotstar entitlement via your Astro subscription. If you do not have an alternative mobile number to nominate, kindly contact Disney+ Hotstar's customer service directly at disneyplus.my@hotstar.com for details on how to cancel your direct subscription.