我们提供一站式服务为您申请Astro和Broadband。不必开车，排队和在销售柜台等候。 我们可以帮助您处理您的申请。

我们不收取额外费用。 无需提供信用卡信息。 费用与您在销售柜台申请的费用相同。

首先，您可以在线申请，我们将在工作时间内立即与您联系。 通过WhatsApp/电子邮件/传真发送您的身份证-IC（马来西亚公民）/ 护照（外国人）的复印件给我们。 收到所有资料后，我们将立即处理您的申请。

一旦收到您的完整资料，我们将在工作时间内立即处理您的申请。一旦您的申请获得批准，服务提供商的承包商将与您联系以进行安装预约。

ASTRO 和宽频收费同时在一张账单，享受更大的节省和无忧的账单支付。 在24个月的合约期内，您可以每月以折扣价享受 Astro 和宽频。

Astro 提供多种电视配套，包括娱乐、体育、电影和儿童配套。您可以选择符合您观看需求的配套，并在适用情况下添加额外的串流应用服务。

可以，您可以只订阅 Astro 电视配套而无需绑定宽频。不过，将 Astro 电视与光纤宽频绑定可享有更好的每月优惠，并且只需支付一张综合账单，更加方便。

对于小型家庭以及轻度上网和串流使用者，100Mbps 通常已足够。较大家庭、游戏玩家或重度串流用户则可选择 500Mbps 或 1Gbps 配套，以获得更流畅的多设备使用体验。

大多数 Astro 电视和光纤宽频配套都附带 24 个月合约期。如在合约期满前取消服务，可能会产生提前终止费用。

可以，您可在符合资格及覆盖范围的情况下随时升级电视配套或宽频速度。根据升级情况，可能需要重新计算合约期限。

您的每月账单将由 Astro 直接发出。您可通过电子邮件接收账单，或通过 Astro 账户在线查看。绑定配套用户将收到电视与宽频服务的综合账单。

付款方式包括网上银行、自动扣款、信用卡或 Astro 提供的其他认可付款渠道。我们的团队将在申请过程中为您提供协助。

如果您遇到任何服务中断问题，可联系 Astro 客户服务寻求技术协助。大多数情况下可远程解决，如有需要将安排技术人员上门处理。

可以，迁移服务需视新地址是否在服务覆盖范围内而定。根据您的配套，可能会产生迁移费用及合约调整。

不需要，提交申请时无需提供信用卡资料。服务获批后，付款安排将由 Astro 直接处理。

部分 Astro 电视配套可根据当前促销及服务情况添加串流服务等附加项目。可能需支付额外月费。

是的，光纤安装时通常会提供 WiFi 路由器。路由器型号可能会根据所选宽频速度配套而有所不同。

可以，我们会在处理您的申请前确认您地址的服务覆盖范围，以确保该地区可安装宽频服务。

马来西亚公民需提供 MyKad 复印件。外籍人士则需在提交宽频申请时提供护照复印件。

申请获批后，服务提供商通常会在 2 至 7 个工作日内联系您安排宽频安装预约。

大多数 Astro 宽频配套附带 24 个月合约期，从安装日期开始计算。如您搬迁，可能需要在新地址重新签订 24 个月合约。

可以，您可在新地址具备服务覆盖的情况下迁移宽频服务。合约期限可能会从新安装日期起重新计算 24 个月。

可以，您可申请在家中调整宽频设备位置。若属于非标准安装，可能会产生额外费用，并需在评估后直接支付给安装人员。

可以，您可转用 Astro 宽频。为避免服务中断，建议在终止现有宽频合约前先开通新的宽频服务。

标准安装在促销期间可能免费，但非标准安装（如设备迁移或复杂布线）可能会产生额外费用，并需直接支付给安装人员。

1. Please connect your computer or laptop to your Astro Fibre router using LAN cable. Your LAN cable must be connected from the yellow port of Astro Fibre router (Any available port).

2. Once connected, open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, type http://192.168.100.254 and below page will appear.

Login using your username and password if you have changed the router login setting. Otherwise, your default router login is as per below.

Username: user

Password: user

4. Once you have successfully logged in, the router's web-based setup page will appear.

5. At the top of the page, click More to configure the WiFi parameters.

6. From the left menu, select WLAN and choose Wi-FI Advanced Network to access the screen below.

7. To change the channel on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.

8. Then, click "Apply" for the changes to take  place.

 

Customers with HD boxes can subscribe to the All-New Astro Pack without a box upgrade except if the customer request to move to OTT bundled pack which is mandatory to upgrade to Ulti or Ultra. 

Note: OTT is referring to either Netflix, D+H or both.

Tune to channel 200 - select on "My Account".Your Total amount due will be stated under the "Bill Summary" section.

**Please note that this feature requires your box to be connected to your home Wi-Fi. Alternatively you can perform the SMS steps displayed on the screen to check your bill amount.

Yes, you can sign up for auto-debit after your account has been activated via My Astro.
 
Alternatively, you may also call our Customer Contact Centre at 03-9543 3838 for assistance or to enquire about any current Auto Debit promotions.

Once you have received the eKYC link via SMS/email/astro.com.my, you can proceed to follow the instructions on the screen. You can check out the step-by-step image below for more info.

For MyKad/MyPR/MyTentera :

For Passport :

For Platinum Pack and Multiroom Smart TV customers, Astro GO+ is included in your subscription at no extra charge. For customers on other packages, you will be able to add-on Astro GO+ to your subscription for RM 5.99/month.

STEP 1
On your remote, press the Home button and the Home Page will be displayed your screen. 



STEP 2
Navigate to SETTINGS.



STEP 3
Navigate to Profile Selection on Startup and press “OK”.



STEP 4
Navigate to your preferred selection and press “OK”.



STEP 5
Navigate to Save and press “OK”.

STEP 1    

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2    

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3    

Navigate to STB Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Select General Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5  

Details information of General Diagnostics screen will be displayed.

STEP 6    

Press down arrow on your remote to get more information.

Customers who subscribe to the Movies, Premium 1, Premium 3 or Platinum Pack will be able to access Disney+ Hotstar immediately and start streaming all their favourite Global, Regional and Malaysian hits upon activation. 

Starting 21 June 2022, all new digital sign-ups for TV packs on astro.com.my will now include access to the Astro GO app within an hour upon checkout of your first month subscription fees (excluding tax). Install the app on your smartphones, tablets or computers and you can start streaming even before your Astro box arrives!

For all new Astro Fibre customers with the RG21 router, the Astro Fibre App will be installed on your mobile device for you during installation. Alternatively,you may refer to the user guide here for self-installation.

STEP 1
Check the Audio settings on your box and set to Auto.
Refer guide to change Digital Audio Settings.

STEP 2
If issue persist, check if there is any 3rd party device (sound system/hdmi splitter) connected between box and TV.

STEP 3
If using 3rd party devices, bypass/remove 3rd party device and make sure HDMI cable connected directly from box to TV.

STEP 4
If issue persist, connect to Live Agent via WhatsApp for help.

STEP 1
Check the internet connectivity by run the Test Connection.
Refer Run Test Connection.


STEP 2
Verify the Test Connection results.
a. All connected successfully - Proceed to STEP 3
b. All connection failed - Proceed to STEP 4
c. Router connection successfully, others failed - Proceed to STEP 7



STEP 3
Please ensure your box with the latest software update from "General Diagnostics".
Refer to Check Software Version Status.

If your box status is other than "Your box has the latest update (a)", please proceed to update the software.
Refer Software Update guide.



STEP 4
Check the connection to the box either using Ethernet (LAN cable) or Wi-Fi.
a. If using Ethernet (LAN cable) - Connect to Live Agent for help.
b. If using Wi-Fi - Proceed to STEP 5



STEP 5
Check location of the decoder and router.
a. If nearby (within 1.5m) - Try connect to box from router using LAN cable.
b. If far (more than 1.5m) / No LAN cable - Proceed STEP 6



STEP 6
Reboot router, modem and decoder.
If issue persist, please try again after 30mins to 1 hour. Connect to live agent if persist after 30 mins to 1 hour.

STEP 7
Suspect there is an issue with your internet connection. 
Please check with your internet service provider or if under Astro Fibre / Astro Broadband, connect to Live Agent for help.

Please switch your current subscriptions to our new Astro packs to subscribe to Multiroom (Smart TV). To sign up, WhatsApp "SWITCH" to 03-9543 3838 and an agent will assist you.

Find out more of our new packs at https://product.astro.com.my/tv

Please ensure to put your box on standby mode to refresh the signal.

a. Using IVR

1. Dial 03-95433838 and select you preferred language.
2. Select Account Related.
3. Select Technical Assistance.
4. Select Refresh Smartcard.

b. Using MyAstro web

STEP 1
Go to https://myastro.astro.com.my/ in your web browser.



STEP 2
Key-in your Email / Mobile number and password. Then, press LOG IN.



STEP 3
Click on TV pack.



STEP 4
Choose Main Room for the Primary Box; else choose Multiroom (If any).



STEP 5
Click on "Refresh" to refresh signal on your box. 

For Main Box


For Multiroom


STEP 6
After tap the Refresh, below notification will be displayed as below.

For Main Box


For Multiroom


c. Using MyAstro App

STEP 1
Open myAstro App and click "Login".



STEP 2
Key-in your Email / Mobile number and password. Then, press "LOG IN".



STEP 3
Go to "Account".



STEP 4
Scroll down to "TV pack" and click on it.



STEP 5
Choose Main Room for the Main Box; else choose Multiroom (If any).



STEP 6
Tap on "Refresh" to refresh signal on your box. ​

For Main Box


For Multiroom


STEP 7
After tap the Refresh, below notification will be displayed as below.

For Main Room


For Multiroom

For Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box installation, it is recommended that you attempt to self-install by following the installation guide here, but there is an option to request for an installer to install the box at your premise. However, there will be a separate fee for this service request.

You may proceed with the following troubleshooting steps and it shouldn’t take you much longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN cable (connect the LAN cable to the blue port in Cisco Router and direct to computer/laptop).

2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.1.1 and below page will appear.

‍

‍

4. Type the Username and Password as below. Then click "OK". (These are the defaults, if you have done previous configuration on your router the password may be different).

Username: admin

Password: admin (or time123)

5. Click "OK" when a Warning prompt that says,” Using this advanced utility to change your router settings could disable your network” appears. Below display will appears.

6. On the setup page, click the Wireless tab then click on the Basic Wireless Settings sub-tab.

7. On the Configuration View section, click the Manual radio button. Choosing the Manual setup will allow you to adjust your wireless channel according to your preference.

8. Click Wireless Security to view the security settings of your wireless network. Take note of the Security Mode and the Passphrase.

For the example below, the Security Mode used is WPA2/WPA Mixed Mode.

The Wireless name is called Network Name (SSID) and the Passphrase is your wireless password.

‍

9. Now that you have the Wireless name and Password, you are ready to connect your wireless computers and devices to the network.

10. You may change the Network Name (SSID) and the Passphrase to follow your preferences and please ensure save the changes made. Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.

‍

Refund can only be made by the registered Astro account holders.

However, if you would like to request refunds on behalf of the account holder, you may do so by providing the supporting documents (e.g.: authorization  letter, death certificate, 3rd party NRIC copy).

Information of the PPV CH200 cessation has been announced on CH200 from 1 - 7 October prior to the PPV cessation. Once again, we regret any inconvenience caused.

If you sign up for Maxis 30/100/300Mbps broadband speeds, you are not entitled for the complimentary mesh WiFi devices. However, you may walk into any Maxis Retail Stores to purchase the mesh WiFi devices.

You may verify if your speed plan has been successfully upgraded during the installation process with your Astro installer before sign-off. If you would like to confirm the status of your speed upgrade after installation, you may contact Astro’s Contact Centre at 03-9543 1543 and an Astro agent will be available to assist you immediately.  

In support of the environment, customers are encouraged to opt for bill statements delivered for free via email or SMS for better savings as the Paper Bill Charge will be revised from RM7.00 to RM10.00 per bill/month, starting 1st August 2022. The Paper Bill Charge will be waived for customers who opt for e-Billing as their preferred bill delivery method.

No, please use a Malaysian mobile number registered with a local network service to register and activate access for Disney+ Hotstar with your Astro subscription. 

The "coming soon" label on some streamingapps on your TV and the "Apps" page of Astro's website allows our customers tostay on top of new launches as they happen! Stay tuned for these upcomingstreaming apps so you can access even more content that you love from acrossthe world.

You will be contacted by an Astro representative within two working days to advise you on the next course of action.

Please close and re-launc hthe Astro Fibre app, and you will be able to log in.

No, Astro & Broadband only offers a 24-month contract period upon sign up.

We noticed that you've recently requested for a change in your Astro account. 

As this change will affect your overall monthly subscription, the expiry date for your Disney+ Hotstar (3-months Pass) subscription has been deferred to xxx (date) to consolidate the final monthly subscription pricing. 

No, anyone can make payments on your behalf as long as the credit card is used by the owner themselves.

Step 1: Visit https://id.astro.com.my/ and click on “Forgot Astro ID?”

Step 2: Enter your Account/Smartcard Number. If you do not know where to find it, click on “Where to find your Account/ Smartcard Number”

Note: Only Astro customers whose Astro ID is linked to their subscription can retrieve their Astro ID this way. Otherwise, you would need to create a new account.

Please refer to these FAQs for more information, or click here to learn more and sign up for the Ulti Box. Alternatively, you may call 03-7481 8000 to get in touch with an Astro representative.

If you would like for more information, kindly visit our Multiroom page via Astro website https://www.astro.com.my/multiroom

To view the terms and conditions, click here.

You may still be using an older version of the Astro GO. To resolve this issue, please go to your respective app store and update your Astro GO app.

If you are still having issues, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.
 

Please refer to the table below:

Note:  

1. The table above is an approximation of the cancellation fee. The final fees will be calculated at the end of your subscription/upon downgrade.

1. Downgrade of Pack for Residential customers will be on basis of package ranking, whereas downgrade of pack for Astro & Broadband customer will be on basis of total monthly payment.

1. Package ranking in descending order:

• Platinum Pack (highest rank)
• Premium Pack 1/2/3 (same rank across 3 options)
• Entertainment / Sports / Movies Plus Pack
• Entertainment / Sports / Movies Pack (same rank across 3 options)
• Primary Pack (lowest rank)

Please find some examples (for Residential customers) as below:

Termination

Customer signed up for Entertainment Plus Pack (24-month contract) with Ultra Box. Customer decided to terminate the subscription 8 months into the contract. As the customer still has 16 months remaining, the maximum applicable fee will be RM41.67 x 16months = RM666.67

Pack downgrade

Customer signed up for Movies Pack (24-month contract) with Ultra Box. 18 months in, customer decides to downgrade to Primary Pack (24-month contract). As the customer still has 6 months remaining, the maximum applicable fee will be RM20.83 x 6months = RM125

Dropping off Netflix or Disney+ Hotstar within first 12 months

Customer signed up for Entertainment Plus (24-month contract) with Ultra Box and 12-month commitment on Netflix App. 6 months in, customer decides to upgrade to Premium Pack 1 (24-month contract) which does not include Netflix App. As the customer still has 6 months remaining in the first 12 months of commitment for Netflix App,  the maximum applicable fee will be RM41.67 x 6 months = RM250. Upon upgrading to Premium Pack 1, a new 12-month commitment for Disney+ Hotstar App begins alongside the 24-month contract on the package.

Yes, please WhatsApp "DH Help

This exercise currently only affects person-to-person SMS with URL links. However, the blocking of SMS sent by businesses via short codes such as 6XXXX, 3XXXX, 2XXXX and 1XXXX will be implemented at a later phase. In response to this government initiative, Astro customers will no longer receive SMS bills effective 1 August 2023. This change will be carried out in phases.  

 

Please switch your preferred Bill Delivery Method using our self-service portals via My Astro Web or My Astro app. Please click here to download the app on your mobile device or login to My Astro Web.

STEP 1  

Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2    

Navigate to Preferences and press "OK".

STEP 3  

Navigate to Auto Standby and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Navigate to your preferred selection and press “OK”.

STEP 5  

Select Yes, continue and then press "OK" to confirm on the changes.    

Otherwise, select No, go back to cancel.

Tap on the "Account' screen on the navigation bar and scroll to the "Subscription' section. Tap on "TV Pack' to view your pack, box, multiroom, and Astro GO information.

No, you need to have an Astro ID to enjoy the features.

No. Starting 1 April 2024, for new customers and current customers looking to switch their Asian Favourites, our Asian Favourites options will be:

• Viu Premium
• Indonesian Favourites
• Indian Favourites

TVB content will continue to be available via TVB Jade (CH310) and Astro AOD (CH311) as well as On Demand. If you would like to subscribe to the TVBAnywhere+ app, you may still do so by purchasing it directly from TVB.
 

You may report the incident on WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838 by typing PNP and our access our user guide or request for further help from our dedicated agents. Please have your Airway Bill tracking numbers ready for validation. If a replacement box/Astro SIM card is deemed necessary, a new Box and a new Astro SIM card will be couriered to your service address.

1. Tune to channel 200 on your Astro box and wait for a few seconds. By default, the selector will be on Packs. Press up/down to select your preferable pack, and press "OK"

2. Select the option for Monthly Subscription

 

3. Send the WhatsApp code as per displayed on the TV screen

Astro is continuously improving our user interface and introducing new features to our platforms to ensure that your Astro experience is more seamless, efficient and user-friendly.

For details on our latest interface, Picture-in-Picture mode and auto-start interactive mode on Astro GO, please click here. For enhancements to the Title Information Page, the ability to disable the Profile Selection Screen and adjustable auto-standby timing, please click here.

In addition, we have also recently introduced an infinite scrolling feature at the title information page and the ability to select the video quality directly from the video player. For more information, please click here.

We try to make as many movies and TV shows available for download. However, for some titles, while we may have the rights to offer them via streaming, we may not be able to offer them for download.

Intermittent internet connection using LAN cable
Looks like there is something wrong with your service connection.Please run a Ping Test, Traceroute Test and attach the picture or screenshot of both test results in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.

Please make sure to attach the required screenshot(s) in ONE file (i.e. Microsoft Word document, PDF, Image file) before submitting the form.

Quick Info
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.


Intermittent internet connection using Wi-Fi

1. Router Positioning

Most people underestimate the importance of picking a good spot for a Wi-Fi router. Even a small shift in positioning could end up being the difference between day and night.    

i) High vs. Low

Put the router as high up as possible to extend the broadcasting range  of the radio waves. This also helps clear the router of possible interferences.
 

ii) Concrete & Metals

Make sure your router isn't blocked by any other objects, especially devices that are electronic. Also, avoid placing your router in your basement as this area is usually enclosed by a lot of concrete, which can be almost  impossible for Wi-Fi signals to penetrate.
 

iii) Distance to Router

The further away from your router you get, the weaker the Wi-Fi signal. Therefore, the best option is to place your router as close to your  devices as possible, but this is only practical if you have one main area where you tend to use your devices.

Otherwise, you should place your router near the center of your home. After all, Wi-Fi broadcasts in 360 degrees, so it doesn't make sense to put it at one end of the house.

2. Wireless Interference & Noise

You've probably never noticed but there are wireless signals all around you wherever you go and they're passing  through you all the time. From where? Electronic devices, Wi-Fi routers, satellites, cell towers, and more.

Although Wi-Fi is supposed to be on a different frequency than most of these devices, the amount of radio noise can still cause interference. Some common causes of interference include:

• Microwaves
• Bluetooth Devices
• Cordless Phone

3.  Surrounding Wi-Fi signals

A truth of the modern world is that every household has their own Wi-Fi network, which can cause issues with channel overlap. This can be somewhat problematic in a townhouse, but is especially problematic in housing complexes and apartments where there can be many routers within close proximity.

Which is why it's important that you pick a good channel in your router settings. Modern routers can choose channels for you automatically, but sometimes it's better to investigate and find the best channel yourself.
 

4. Usage

More likely, however, is that the people on your network such as friends, roommates, or family members are participating in bandwidth-heavy activities like gaming and streaming Ultra box/ Netflix.

Fortunately, if this is the case, you can prioritize your own network traffic by enabling Quality of Service in your router settings.

If the problem  persists, please run a Ping Test, Traceroute Test and attach the picture or screenshot of both test results in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances

Please make sure to attach the required screenshot(s) in ONE file (i.e. Microsoft Word document, PDF, Image file)  before submitting the form.

Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.

Step 1: Separate Your Wi-Fi Network Name

First, you need to set up your Wi-Fi to Dual-band in order to be less susceptible to interference, and allows you to choose between the 2.4GHz or 5GHz bands when connecting a device. A Wi-Fi frequency of 5GHz is best when you are near your router, and 2.4GHz is best for when you are far from your router.

• Check the bottom of your router for a website or IP address, username, and password.

Below are details for a standard login based on a standard router issued by ISP (Telekom Malaysia, Maxis, and Time dot Com)

• Login to your account
• Identify your Wi-fi Settings (This could be in advanced settings)
• Identify both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz options.
• Split the signals by renaming the 2.4GHz and 5GHz signals respectively, and make sure both are enabled.
• For detailed instructions based on router model, on how to separate your Wi-Fi, click here and choose the option according to your ISP and router brand.

Step 2: Factory reset your Ultra Box by following the steps below.

a. Press the Home button on your remote

b. Go to your settings page

c. Scroll down and select Reset/Restore

d. Select restore factory settings and proceed

e. Enter your PIN to access restore factory settings (default pin: 0000)

f. Choose restore and wait until the box reboots automatically. This may take around 2 minutes and you will see the Astro logo again when it's done.

Your Astro account number is a 10-digit combination 
E.g: 08XXXXXXXX

Rebates/refunds are not provided. Early termination of the 3-months pass add on is subject to an early termination fee prorated to RM54.90 for the remaining months.

Kindly note that not all Astro & Broadband Devices are required to be returned. After service termination of your Astro & Broadband service, we will call you via your registered mobile number within 3 days to schedule a pickup appointment with our Astro agent if your device needs to be returned.

If you were not contacted within 3 working days to return your devices, you are required to discard your old Astro & Broadband devices only at registered collection centres for proper handling and management of e-waste in an environmentally sound manner. Click here to find a registered collection centre near you.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1)     I missed the pickup appointment; what do I do now?

You can reschedule the pick-up appointment by calling our agent directly.

 

2)     Can I reschedule my pickup date?

Yes! You can call our agent back directly to reschedule the pickup date and time.

 

3)     Do I have to pack my device(s) before handing it over to the Astro agent?

Our Astro agent will dismantle the devices for you. However, if your devices are already dismantled, please pack them in their original box/packaging if possible. If this option is not available to you, just hand the device(s) over to the Astro agent without any packaging. You will not be charged any fees if the original packaging has been damaged/lost.

 

4)     Do I have to print anything or fill in any forms before handing my device(s) over to the Astro agent?

No, you do not have to prepare any documents before handing your device(s) over to the Astro agent! All you have to do is get your device(s)ready before the Astro agent arrives to ensure a smooth handover process.

 

5)     I have the Astro & Broadband router and modem to return, however, the cable(s) that come with them are damaged/lost; will there be any penalty fees?

No, please return your old Astro & Broadband modem and its power supply unit (PSU). There will be no penalty fees if the cable is damaged or lost.

 

Recycle via Registered Collection Centres

For all recycling-related questions, please click here.

 

STEP 1  

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2  

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3  

Navigate to STB Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Select Household Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5    

Details information of Household Diagnostics screen will be  displayed.