我们提供一站式服务为您申请Astro和Broadband。不必开车，排队和在销售柜台等候。 我们可以帮助您处理您的申请。

我们不收取额外费用。 无需提供信用卡信息。 费用与您在销售柜台申请的费用相同。

首先，您可以在线申请，我们将在工作时间内立即与您联系。 通过WhatsApp/电子邮件/传真发送您的身份证-IC（马来西亚公民）/ 护照（外国人）的复印件给我们。 收到所有资料后，我们将立即处理您的申请。

一旦收到您的完整资料，我们将在工作时间内立即处理您的申请。一旦您的申请获得批准，服务提供商的承包商将与您联系以进行安装预约。

ASTRO 和宽频收费同时在一张账单，享受更大的节省和无忧的账单支付。 在24个月的合约期内，您可以每月以折扣价享受 Astro 和宽频。

Astro 提供多种电视配套，包括娱乐、体育、电影和儿童配套。您可以选择符合您观看需求的配套，并在适用情况下添加额外的串流应用服务。

可以，您可以只订阅 Astro 电视配套而无需绑定宽频。不过，将 Astro 电视与光纤宽频绑定可享有更好的每月优惠，并且只需支付一张综合账单，更加方便。

对于小型家庭以及轻度上网和串流使用者，100Mbps 通常已足够。较大家庭、游戏玩家或重度串流用户则可选择 500Mbps 或 1Gbps 配套，以获得更流畅的多设备使用体验。

大多数 Astro 电视和光纤宽频配套都附带 24 个月合约期。如在合约期满前取消服务，可能会产生提前终止费用。

可以，您可在符合资格及覆盖范围的情况下随时升级电视配套或宽频速度。根据升级情况，可能需要重新计算合约期限。

您的每月账单将由 Astro 直接发出。您可通过电子邮件接收账单，或通过 Astro 账户在线查看。绑定配套用户将收到电视与宽频服务的综合账单。

付款方式包括网上银行、自动扣款、信用卡或 Astro 提供的其他认可付款渠道。我们的团队将在申请过程中为您提供协助。

如果您遇到任何服务中断问题，可联系 Astro 客户服务寻求技术协助。大多数情况下可远程解决，如有需要将安排技术人员上门处理。

可以，迁移服务需视新地址是否在服务覆盖范围内而定。根据您的配套，可能会产生迁移费用及合约调整。

不需要，提交申请时无需提供信用卡资料。服务获批后，付款安排将由 Astro 直接处理。

部分 Astro 电视配套可根据当前促销及服务情况添加串流服务等附加项目。可能需支付额外月费。

是的，光纤安装时通常会提供 WiFi 路由器。路由器型号可能会根据所选宽频速度配套而有所不同。

可以，我们会在处理您的申请前确认您地址的服务覆盖范围，以确保该地区可安装宽频服务。

马来西亚公民需提供 MyKad 复印件。外籍人士则需在提交宽频申请时提供护照复印件。

申请获批后，服务提供商通常会在 2 至 7 个工作日内联系您安排宽频安装预约。

大多数 Astro 宽频配套附带 24 个月合约期，从安装日期开始计算。如您搬迁，可能需要在新地址重新签订 24 个月合约。

可以，您可在新地址具备服务覆盖的情况下迁移宽频服务。合约期限可能会从新安装日期起重新计算 24 个月。

可以，您可申请在家中调整宽频设备位置。若属于非标准安装，可能会产生额外费用，并需在评估后直接支付给安装人员。

可以，您可转用 Astro 宽频。为避免服务中断，建议在终止现有宽频合约前先开通新的宽频服务。

标准安装在促销期间可能免费，但非标准安装（如设备迁移或复杂布线）可能会产生额外费用，并需直接支付给安装人员。

You may switch to E-mail Billing or Paper bills to be notified of your bill and make payment. Kindly note that if you select to have Paper Bills, you will be charged a RM10 fee per bill.

STEP 1    

On your remote, press the Home button and the home menu will  be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2

Navigate to Guide.

STEP 3    

Select the channel you would like to lock and press "OK".

STEP 4   

Select "Lock Channel" and press "OK".

STEP 5    

You channel is successfully locked when this screen appears.

STEP 6

Your selected channel will  have a lock tagging after being locked.

Yes, a charge of up to RM20.00 may be imposed upon reconnection.

This error indicates that you have reached the maximum number of simultaneous video streams across devices for one (1) account. To stop seeing this error, please stop streaming on one of your other devices.

• If you have recently purchased your Astro pack or made any changes to your pack on or after 9th November you can stream on two (2) concurrent screens

• If you have not made any changes you can stream on four (4) concurrent screens.

If you are still having issues, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.
 

For any technical issues, you may visit Astro's Help & Support page or contact Astro via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838 by typing PNP.

To continue enjoying your PVR decoder and service, you must maintain a minimum monthly subscription fee of RM60 (not inclusive of the recording fee and Govt. Tax).

You will regain access to your channels on Astro immediately once the equipment has been installed at your new house, provided your account is active. Customers can still enjoy viewing via Astro Go.

STEP 1

Switch OFF the power of your Ultra / Ulti box and make sure that the adapter's power light is off.
 

STEP 2

Switch ON the power of your Ultra / Ulti  box and make sure that the adapter's power light is on.
 

STEP 3

On your remote control, press the Home or Standby button repeatedly until the Startup Options appear on TV.



STEP 4
Press "987" to proceed.
Advanced Startup Options will be displayed.



STEP 5
Press "1" to initiate a reset setting.



STEP 6
Press "OK" to continue.



STEP 7
After the factory setting is restored, TV will turn blank.
Please wait until the box completes initiate setup.



STEP 8
Once completed, the following screen will appear on your TV.
Refer to Installation Setup guide to complete the setup.

Click here to follow New Installation Settings guide for Satellite
Click here to follow New Installation Settings guide for Plug and Play

Video On Demand (VOD) is a new way of enjoying your Astro, for free* as part of your subscription. Here's what you can do by watching your show via VOD:

1. Pick and choose your show anytime of the day without needing to wait for your show to air.

2. Catch-up on episodes you've missed or binge-watch all episodes instantly.

3. Pause, rewind, or fast-forward to your favourite parts of the show.

4. Watch full uncut episodes.

5. No weather or other disruptions during your viewing time.

6. Browse our library of recommended shows for you based on your viewing history. Everything you see is free as part of your subscription.

7. To rent additional blockbuster movies on a pay-per-view basis, visit the "Store' section in our VOD library.

Here’s how to access On Demand:

1. Connect your Astro PVR/Ultra Box to Wi-Fi or download the Astro GO app from here.

2. Press Home on your remote and scroll to On Demand or login with your Astro ID via your Astro GO app.

3. Start streaming on your TV or Astro GO app anytime, anywhere.

* On Demand is FREE for customers with a Wi-Fi connected PVR/Ultra Box and Astro GO app. Entitlement is based on your subscription.

Note: You can also rent additional movies on a pay-per-view basis, all found in the Store.

1. Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port in Maxis Router and direct to computer/laptop].
2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.0.1 or www.tplinkwifi.net and below page will appear.

The default login of the router is available on the sticker at the back of the router. If you have done a configuration on your router previously, the password may be different

4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.
 

5. From the top menu, choose Basic and then click Wireless tab on the left menu to access to below screen.

6. Since this is a dual band router, you will have 2 Wireless Network Names  (SSID) i.e. 2.4GHz and  5GHz. You may connect to any of the SSID, preferably with a stronger signal available.

7. You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the Password to follow your preferences, then click "Save"  for the changes to take place.

Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.

1. Tune to Astro channel 200 - select "Add-Ons"

2. Select the option for Monthly Subscription

3. Send the WhatsApp code as per displayed on the TV screen

1. Please connect your computer or laptop to your Astro Fibre router using LAN cable. Your LAN cable must be connected from the yellow port of Astro Fibre router (Any available port).

2.Once connected, open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, type http://192.168.100.254 and below page will appear.

Login using your username and password if you have changed the router login setting. Otherwise, your default router login is as per below.

Username: user

Password: user

4. Once you have successfully logged in, the router's web-based setup page will appear.

5. At the top of the page, click Wi-Fi to configure the WiFi parameters.

6. You may change the Wi-Fi Name and the Wi-Fi Password as per your preferences, then click "Apply".

7. Your Wi-Fi Name and password has been changed. Kindly ensure to reconnect your WiFi according your new WiFi name and password.

Please follow the steps below to retrieve your Astro ID:



Note: Only Astro customers whose Astro ID is linked to their subscription can retrieve their Astro ID this way. Otherwise, you would need to create a new account.
 

When you have reached the duration (years) needed for the upgrade, we will upgrade you into your new tier and your shiny new rewards will appear in the My Astro app. You are still eligible for all the rewards from previous tiers too.

Yes, switching package is allowed. However, switching package from Non-Deal to Deal bundle will refresh a new 24-month contract.

STEP 1
Switch off the power of your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is off.


STEP 2
Unplug the HDMI cable from your TV and plug it back in securely to other available HDMI port.


STEP 3
Switch on the power for your box and make  sure that the adapter’s power light is on.
Please wait for 5 minutes.


STEP 4
Turn on your box. Do select the correct TV input.
You should no longer be experiencing this problem. 
​

You may visit any of Astro's digital platform that you would like to log into. Then, create a new Astro ID using your existing email address or mobile number. After creating your new Astro ID, please use it to log into our digital platforms moving forward.

For Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box installation, it is recommended that you attempt to self-install by following the installation guide here, but there is an option to request for an installer to install the box at your premise. However, there will be a separate fee for this service request.

Please follow the steps below:

Step 1: Fill in Transfer of Equipment Ownership Form (Part A & Part B)

Step 2: Provide an Undertaking Letter if current account holder deceased or un-contactable. (Note: Copy of death certificate is required if account holder deceased).

Step 3: Provide a copy of new applicant NRIC for Malaysian or copy of passport for non-Malaysian or copy of IMM13 Pass with at least 6 months validity for Refugee. (Note: ASTRO name should be displayed on the top left corner on both sides of the identity card copy).

Step 4: A full payment to be made on any outstanding balance for all related accounts (if any).

Step 5: Submit all documents via feedback form .

Step 6: Customer will expect a call from our validation team (Note: Turnaround time for transfer of equipment ownership is 3-5 working days upon receiving all complete documentation).

Note:

1. There might be a loss of transmission during the processing of transfer equipment ownership, split or merge of equipment.

2. Recorded program will be removed for PVR user.

3. A full payment to be made on any outstanding balance for all related accounts.

4. New account holder agreed to continue the remaining contract from previous owner account (if any).

5. Auto debit will be voided upon acknowledgment of transfer equipment ownership (if any).

Additional requirement for New Owner

Capping of applicant age is 21

Malaysians aged < 26 years old and Non-Malaysian - requires copy of utility bill (Phone, Internet, Water or Electricity)

STEP 1    

Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2    

Navigate to Settings and press "OK".

STEP 3    

Navigate to STB Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Navigate to IP Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5    

IP Diagnostics information will be displayed.

You will be notified 30 days before the expiry on the renewal of subscription and can opt-out from auto renewal at least (2) days before the auto-renewal date.

If you want to opt-out of your auto-renewal for Disney+ Hotstar, please contact our Customer Contact Centre at 03 9543 3838 and speak to one of our customer service executives to change your package according to what suits you best at least two (2) days before the next auto-renewal date. Alternatively, please WhatsApp us at 03 9543 3838 and type DH Help for further assistance.

Yes, customers will be charged a fixed Paper Bill Fee of RM10.00 per bill every month for each account.

Not to worry, you will only need to verify your Astro ID once. After that, you may log in to your account as usual.

If Astro does not receive your payment by the stated due date, your service may be disrupted as our system will automatically suspend your account. If you then wish to reconnect your subscription account, a charge of up to RM42.40 (inclusive of SST) will be imposed upon reconnection.

Find out more about the reconnection fee here.

Please follow the steps in Q5, then continue with the steps below:

Tap on the "Account' screen on the navigation bar and scroll to the "Subscription' section. Tap on "TV Pack' to view your pack, box, multiroom, and Astro GO information.

Your purchased PPV daily pass will still be accessible to you for the purchased duration ie. 3, 5, 7 or 30 days respectively. However, you will no longer be able to purchase PPV daily passes from 8 Oct onward.

What is beIN SPORTS CONNECT?

beIN SPORTS CONNECT is the ultimate live streaming sports service that provides you with access to global sporting events both LIVE and on-demand such as major European football leagues and over 3,000 hours of live tennis via Astro's Ultra Box, Ulti Box, mobile app or web.

How do I access the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on the Ultra/Ulti Box?
On the beIN SPORTS CONNECT mobile app:
Step 1: Open the "beIN SPORTS CONNECT" app and go to your Profile
Step 2: Select "Sign in with Astro" and log in with your Astro ID
Step 3: Go to "Settings" and select the TV Login option
Step 4: A QR code scanner will appear.

Follow the steps below to pair the mobile app with your TV screenOn the Astro Ultra/Ulti Box:
Step 1: At Astro Home, go to the app rail and select "beIN SPORTS CONNECT"
Step 2: Go to the Profile icon at the top of your screen and click "OK"
Step 3: A QR code will be presented on your screen. Use the in-app QR code scanner on your mobile device to scan the QR code
Step 4: Your TV screen will refresh automatically and you will be able to enjoy the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on your TV!

Who is entitled to access the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on the Ultra/Ulti Box?
Only Astro customers with the Sports subscription as part of their Astro TV Pack (Bundle or add-on) will be able to enjoy the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on their Ultra/Ulti Box. For further enquiries, please WhatsApp "Get beIN" to our Customer Contact Center at 03-9543 3838.

What are the content available in the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app?
Customers can enjoy major European football leagues, over 3,000 hours of live tennis and other global sporting events LIVE and on-demand on the app. You may check out the complete list of competitions available on the app here: beIN SPORTS CONNECT | Live Leagues and Competitions | LaLiga, Serie A, Ligue

Can I stream on more than one device at the same time?
No, you can only stream the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on one device at a time.

How many devices can I use to watch beIN SPORTS CONNECT?
You can have up to five (5) devices registered to your account at any given time. However, you can only stream from one (1) device at a time.

Can I download content for offline viewing?
Unfortunately, downloading of content is not a feature that is currently available.

Are subtitles or dubbing available for the content on beIN SPORTS CONNECT?
Unfortunately, subtitles and dubbing options are currently not available.

How can I subscribe to beIN SPORTS CONNECT via Astro?
The beIN SPORTS CONNECT app is not available as an add-to-bill option. Please visit www.product.astro.com.my/tv to sign up to one of our TV Packs with the Sports subscription.

Can I access the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app outside of Malaysia?
No, you will not be able to watch beIN SPORTS CONNECT content outside of Malaysia as the app is geo-blocked for each country.

How do I register for an Astro ID?
Download the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app > Select "Login with Astro"> Click "Do not have an Astro ID? Click here".

Can I update my email address/mobile number for my Astro ID?
Yes, please visit Astro's Self Service Portal via myastro.astro.com.my to update your email address or mobile number.

I have forgotten my password; what should I do?
Step 1: Click "Log in" and click "Forgot my password"
Step 2: Enter your email address and click "Submit"
Step 3: An email will be sent to your registered email address with further instructions on how to reset your password

How do I unlock a locked user account?

You may contact Astro's Customer Service by:

1. Submitting a feedback form here: https://support.astro.com.my/feedback-form
2. Reaching out to us via WhatsApp by typing "Hi" at 03-95433838 for assistance

Returning your Astro box & Smart card/SIM card is a very simple process.

For existing Ultra Box or Ulti Box user, call 03-9543 3838 to schedule our courier partner to come pick up the box or drop them off at the closest Astro Service Centre or Exclusive Partner near you. Click here to find a Customer Service Centre (CSC) or Astro Exclusive Partner (AEP) near you.

For any unreturned Ultra Box or Ulti Box, a box fee of RM100 may be charged to your account.

For all other boxes, please recycle your box at a registered collection center that will properly manage the boxes in an environmentally friendly way. Click here to find a registered collection center near you.

You are attempting to play a content that is not part of your subscription. If you are not able to play a content that you are subscribed to, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.

Astro Fibre installation will come with 1 unit of TM fibre modem and 1 WiFi router with 24 months warranty period.

While warranty period for Mesh WiFi will be treated as one-to-one swap for faulty Mesh units at any point of time during your service tenure with active Mesh subscription.

Multiroom (Astro Box) requires an Astro box to be setup and can be accessed through the regular satellite feed or streaming on home Wi-Fi. Meanwhile, the Multiroom (Smart TV) only requires a Smart TV and no installation needed. Customers can download the Astro app on the Smart TV and connect to home Wi-Fi to stream.

If you have more than one card registered for OTP payments, you will be asked to select the specific card to be used for that specific transaction.

If you would like more information or to provide feedback, kindly log in to our support page via support.astro.com.my. For more questions regarding Astro Pack, you may reach out to us via call at 03-7481 1000 (Monday to Friday, 9AM – 6PM exclude public holidays).
 

STEP 1  

Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2

Navigate to Update Satellite Frequency and press “OK”.

‍

STEP 3    

Choose Reprogramming and press “OK”.

STEP 4    

Select Yes, continue and press "OK" to proceed with the update.      

Otherwise, select No, go back to cancel.

STEP 5  

Satellite Frequency Update progress screen will be displayed.

‍

STEP 6    

The test result will be displayed once completed.    

Press "OK" to go back to  channel.

Please refer below to set up your Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box.

To connect via LAN cable: 

1. Switch off your old Astro box.
2. To connect your Plug& Play Box via LAN cable:
   a) Remove the LAN cable from your old Astro box and connect the LAN cable to your new Plug & Play Box.
   i) For Maxis IPTV customers, keep the other end of the LAN cable connected to your router.
   ii) For TIME IPTV customers, go to the other end of the same LAN cable, plug it out from your modem, and into any LAN port on your router. Ensure that you’re not plugging your LAN cable back into the same box.
   ‍

Note: If you have a two-in-one modem & router, you can skip Step ii).  

To connect via Wi-Fi:

Remove your LAN cable from your old Astro box, and do not plug it into your new Plug & Play Box.

There are 2 methods of setting maturity ratings restriction on Netflix: 

‍

Method 1 – Create a Kids Profile in Netflix App on Ultra/Ulti Box 

1. On the Netflix home menu, select “Switch Profile” 

2. Select Add Profile.  

3. Name the profile. 

4. Select Kids. Kids profiles have a logo 'Kids' on the profile icon so they are easy to identify.  

5. Select Continue. The new profile will show on the list of profiles on your account. 

‍

Method 2 – Manually set Viewing Restrictions for each profile 

1. Go to https://www.netflix.com/profiles/manage

2. Select a Profile. 

3. Under Maturity Settings, select Edit. 

4. Enter your Netflix password. 

5. You may select the desired Maturity Rating settings or add a particular title restrictions for the profile. 

6. Select Save. 

For more information kindly visit: 

• https://help.netflix.com/en/node/114275

• https://help.netflix.com/en/node/114276

No, eligible customers will not be charged for this speed upgrade. Your speed plan will be upgraded automatically for 24 months, depending on your subscription. After the FREE speed upgrade period, your Astro Fibre plan will return to its regular speed.
 

Yes, the monthly subscription fee will be prorated into your Astro bill.

If you subscribe to Astro Fibre between 1 October 2023 to 23 November 2023, you may still get the speed boost by calling in to our Customer Contact Centre at 03-9543 3838 and re-contracting with us. Kindly note that your account will restart with a new 24-month contract.

Yes. As a Sports Pack customer, you will get access to Liga Malaysia as well as a variety of local and international sporting events as part of your subscription.

Step 1: Open your My Astro app

Step 2: Select "Astro Rewards"

Step 3: Scroll through your rewards to see what you're entitled to

Step 4: Select the rewards that take your fancy and follow the instructions stated on how to redeem them (redemption instructions may vary based on reward)

Tap on the "Content' tab on the navigation bar. Select "Channels' and the channel of interest and you may view the scheduled programmes of the day. To switch between days, choose a channel and tap on a particular day (E.g. Mon, Tues, Wed). You may also view the showtimes of the day and up to the next six days.

You may proceed with below troubleshooting and it shouldn't take you any longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please standby computer/ laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port at ZTE Router and direct to computer/ laptop].
2. You may open any web browser such as  Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.0.1 and below page will appear.

4. Type the Username and Password as below. Then click Login. (These are the defaults, if you have done previous configuration on your router the password may be different)

Username: admin
Password: admin (or time123)
 

5. The router's web-based setup page should now appear. Please follow below steps for the  configuration.

i. On the setup page, click the Network tab then click on the WLAN then choose Basic sub-tab.

ii. Please ensure Wireless RF Mode is Enabled.

iii. Click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.

Choose between 1 until 11 (Suggested 1,6,11).

iv. Click Submit. Router will auto reboot and connection re-establish after few minutes.

Yes, all existing Astro & Broadband customers within contract or out of contract can subscribe to Astro & Broadband offerings. The 24 months contract will be renewed upon signing up for the new packs.

Your access to Astro GO will depend on the subscription pack that you are subscribed to. Not all shows/channels will be available on Astro GO as this depends on contractual rights with specific guidelines on the entitlement of these shows/channels. We are continuously working hard to make more content available on Astro GO.

You may navigate around the menu on the side bar on Astro GO app, or top bar on the Astro GO web version to find shows available.

Menu Guide

• Home: Check out all the recommended content or watch your subscribed TV channels via the   Channel Guide at the bottom of your home screen. 
• Catch Up: Missed an episode of your favourite series? Fret not, Catch Up on the latest episode of your favourite shows on Astro GO. 
• Boxsets: Watch complete seasons and series from our On Demand library anytime anywhere. 
• Movies: Watch recent and popular movies on your devices! You can access a large catalogue of On Demand movies, according to your subscription. 
• Kids: Catch all the cartoons, animations and a variety of shows for kids of all ages. 
• Sports: Watch the biggest sporting shows LIVE on your mobile device, anytime anywhere. 
• Store: Other than your subscribed packages, you can also purchase and watch your favourite Pay-Per-View movies and other Astro exclusive content (not available on iOS devices).

Although anyone can create an Astro ID, only the Astro account owner is allowed to link their account to the Astro ID. Otherwise, you will need permission from the account's owner in order to complete the linking.

Your bill statement will include details of your monthly subscription charges; e.g. charges for your chosen Astro packages and Broadband service. It will also show the time period of which your first bill will cover, as well as indicate how much the total charges are and when the payment due date is.

If you are interested to upgrade your box, you can do so via Astro's retailers or online as follows:

I. Visit https://hub.astro.com.my/#5

II. Select `Box Upgrade` and log in with your Astro ID

III. Select the box you would like to upgrade

Mesh WiFi technology greatly improves the WiFi network coverage within your home and virtually eliminates all WiFi “dead spots”. However, like all technologies there are limitations that you should be aware of.

‍

The pairing of Mesh unit to the WiFi router is automatically handled between the WiFi router and the Mesh unit after it calculates its current position in relation to the WiFi router and surrounding Mesh unit (if available) already connected to the WiFi router.

‍

If you are self-installing the mesh at your house, it is advisable for you to always pair the Mesh unit(s) with the WiFi router only regardless of how many Mesh unit available at your house. 

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Please note that if you have a Mesh connected to another Mesh, the expected performance of the WiFi speed will  not perform as  optimally as when compared to a Mesh connected directly to the WiFi router. Adding more points (also referred as Number of hops) in between your device to the WiFi router which will cause a reduction in bandwidth and add latency.