
A free satellite TV service from Astro. Watch lifetime entertainment, news, learning & information and more.
Pictures for illustration only.
Enjoy free access to 15+ TV channels & 10+ radio channels.
* Subject to Astro terms & conditions.
Step-1 |
Step-2 |
Step-3 |
Choose a plan & sign-up online. |
Sit back & wait for installation. |
Enjoy your new Astro / Broadband! |
Explore our TV Pack which includes a variety of entertainment channels.
The must-watch local and international content made for everyone in the family.
The best local & international cartoons & educational entertainment.
Global movies and series packed with action, drama and big thrills.
Latest breaking news & current affairs whilst you discover secrets of the world.
Witness every major league & live sports events, plus family entertainment.
The ultimate all-in-one entertainment with movies, sports & a variety of streaming apps.
Good for working from home and streaming. Get connected at 100Mbps and enjoy uninterrupted streaming, gaming, and browsing.
FREE Modem
FREE WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited data
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack RM49.99 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Kids RM59.98 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Blockbuster RM59.98 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + News & Documentaries RM64.98 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
| What is included? |
Sports Pack RM99.99 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
| What is included? |
Epic Pack RM199.99 |
100Mbps Astro Fibre RM99.00 |
Ideal for small families for 4K streaming & gaming. Get connected at 500Mbps and enjoy fast and stable internet for all your needs.
FREE Modem
FREE WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited data
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack RM49.99 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Kids RM59.98 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Blockbuster RM59.98 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + News & Documentaries RM64.98 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
| What is included? |
Sports Pack RM99.99 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
| What is included? |
Epic Pack RM199.99 |
500Mbps Astro Fibre RM149.00 |
Perfect for medium-sized families for work and play. Get connected at 1Gbps and experience ultra-fast internet speeds.
FREE Modem
FREE WiFi-7 Router
Unlimited data
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack RM49.99 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Kids RM59.98 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Blockbuster RM59.98 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + News & Documentaries RM64.98 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
| What is included? |
Sports Pack RM99.99 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
| What is included? |
Epic Pack RM199.99 |
1Gbps Astro Fibre RM229.00 |
Ultimate high-speed internet for everyone and everything. Get connected at 2Gbps and enjoy lightning-fast internet speeds.
FREE Modem
FREE WiFi-7 Router
Unlimited data
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack RM49.99 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Kids RM59.98 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + Blockbuster RM59.98 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |
| What is included? |
Entertainment Pack + News & Documentaries RM64.98 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |
| What is included? |
Sports Pack RM99.99 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |
| What is included? |
Epic Pack RM199.99 |
2Gbps Astro Fibre RM319.00 |

A free satellite TV service from Astro. Watch lifetime entertainment, news, learning & information and more.
Pictures for illustration only.
New decoder only without satellite dish & cabling. You must have Astro/Njoi satellite dish and cable installed and working properly.
Including installation.
New decoder complete with satellite dish & cabling.
Including installation.
Reliable broadband plans that enable next-level business growth.
Supports up to 2-3 users on 5 devices.
Supports up to 6 users on 10 devices.
Supports up to 10 heavy users on multiple devices.
Supports up to 10 power users on multiple devices.
Ultimate support for up to 10 power users on multiple devices.
Good for Working From Home and streaming.
100Mbps/50Mbps
Free Standard Router (RG5)
100Mbps/50Mbps
Free Standard Router (RG5)
Netflix Basic
Suitable for full HD streaming & browsing.
300Mbps/50Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
300Mbps/50Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
Netflix Basic
Ideal for small families for 4K streaming & gaming.
500Mbps/100Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
500Mbps/100Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
Netflix Standard
Perfect for medium-sized families for work and play.
1Gbps/500Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
1Gbps/500Mbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
Netflix Standard
Ultimate high-speed internet for everyone and everything.
2Gbps/1Gbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
2Gbps/1Gbps
Free WiFi-6 Combo Box
Netflix Standard
Reliable broadband plans that enable next-level business growth.
Supports up to 2-3 users on 5 devices.
Supports up to 2-3 users on 5 devices.
Fixed IP.
Supports up to 6 users on 10 devices.
Supports up to 6 users on 10 devices.
Fixed IP.
Supports up to 10 heavy users on multiple devices.
Supports up to 10 heavy users on multiple devices.
Fixed IP.
Supports up to 10 power users on multiple devices.
Supports up to 10 power users on multiple devices.
Fixed IP.
Good for Working From Home and streaming.
Free WiFi-6 Router
Free WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited voice call
Suitable for full HD streaming & browsing.
Free WiFi-6 Router
Free WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited voice call
Ideal for small families for 4K streaming & gaming.
Free WiFi-6 Router
Free WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited voice call
Perfect for medium-sized families for work and play.
Free WiFi-6 Router
Free WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited voice call
Ultimate high-speed internet for everyone and everything.
Free WiFi-6 Router
Free WiFi-6 Router
Unlimited voice call
Applying for
| Astro Njoi UniFi Maxis |
Find your answers here.
We provide one stop service to apply Astro and Broadband for you.
You can avoid driving and queuing at the sales counter. We are the dealer that can help you to handle your application from the beginning to the end.
We do not charge you when you apply from us. There is no credit card information required to apply here. Charges are the same as you apply from the sales counter.
First, you can apply online, we will get back to you immediately during business hour. WhatsApp/Email/Fax us your Photocopy of IC (for malaysian) / Passport (for foreigners). When we receive all the information, we will proceed with your application immediately.
Once we receive your application with complete information, we will process your application immediately during business hour. The contractor from the service provider will then contact you for installation appointment once your application is approved.
Enjoy greater savings and hassle-free bill payment in one single bill for both Astro and Broadband. You get to enjoy Astro and Broadband at discounted price every month over the contract period of 24 months.
Astro offers multiple TV packs including Entertainment, Sports, Movies and Kids options. You can choose a pack that matches your viewing preferences and add optional streaming apps where available.
Yes, you may subscribe to Astro TV packs without bundling broadband. However, bundling Astro TV with Fibre Broadband may provide better monthly savings and convenience with a single bill.
For small households with light streaming and browsing, 100Mbps is usually sufficient. Larger families, gamers or heavy streamers may benefit from 500Mbps or 1Gbps plans for smoother performance across multiple devices.
Most Astro TV and Fibre broadband plans come with a 24-month contract. Early termination charges may apply if cancellation is made before the contract ends.
Yes, you may upgrade your TV pack or broadband speed at any time, subject to eligibility and coverage. A new contract period may apply depending on the upgrade.
Your monthly bill will be issued directly by Astro. You may receive it via email or access it through your Astro account. Bundled customers will receive a single combined bill for TV and broadband services.
Payment methods may include online banking, auto debit, credit card or other approved payment channels provided by Astro. Our team can guide you during the registration process.
If you experience any service interruption, you may contact Astro customer support for technical assistance. In many cases, issues can be resolved remotely or a technician will be arranged if necessary.
Yes, relocation is subject to service availability at your new address. Relocation charges and contract adjustments may apply depending on your plan.
No, you do not need a credit card to submit your application. Payment setup will be arranged directly with Astro after your service is approved.
Selected Astro TV packs allow optional add-ons such as streaming services depending on current promotions and availability. Additional monthly charges may apply.
Yes, a WiFi router is typically provided during fibre installation. The router model may vary depending on the selected broadband speed plan.
Yes, we will check the service coverage at your address before proceeding with your application to ensure broadband is available at your location.
For Malaysians, please provide a copy of your MyKad. For foreigners, provide a copy of your passport when submitting your broadband application.
After your application is approved, the service provider typically contacts you within 2 to 7 working days to arrange the broadband installation appointment.
Most Astro Broadband plans come with a 24-month contract starting from your installation date. If you relocate, a new 24-month contract may apply at your new address.
Yes, you can relocate your broadband service, subject to service availability at the new address. Your contract may reset for another 24 months from the new installation date.
Yes, you may request to relocate broadband devices within your home. Non-standard installation charges may apply and are payable to the installer directly after assessment.
Yes, you can switch to Astro Broadband. To avoid service interruption, it is recommended to activate the new service before terminating your current broadband contract.
Standard installations may be free during promotions, but non-standard installations (e.g., device relocation or complex wiring) may incur extra charges payable directly to the installer.
Yes, you may enhance your existing pack with desired content, app and service add-ons via My Astro App or My Astro Web.
STEP 1: Log in using your Astro ID
STEP 2: Go to Account
STEP 3: Tap on Subscription
STEP 4: Tap on Add-ons
STEP 5: Tap on Manage your add-ons to view other steaming apps you are not subsribed to
STEP 6: Tap on the steaming app you wish to add on
STEP 7: Tap on Confirm Order
Yes, customers may need to provide additional documents such as bank-in slips or payment receipts. For refund requests due to wrong payment, it is mandatory to provide proof of payment or a bank statement that shows the transaction and bank account details
By changing from a higher contract duration e.g., 24-months commitment period to lower contract duration e.g., 12-months, a proration of the cancellation fee will be applicable whereby you will be charged per contract's month balance against the maximum cancellation fee agreed upon during sign up for the offer.
A proration of the cancellation fee will be applicable whereby you will be charged per contract's month balance against the maximum cancellation fee agreed upon during sign up for the offer.
You will start a new contract with 12-months commitment and receive the corresponding discount for that duration.
Check out how a cancellation fee is calculated with examples via this link:
No, the eKYC verification process must be done by the individual themselves, using their MyKad and selfie in real-time.
If your technical issue remains unresolved after completing the recommended troubleshooting steps or seeking assistance from customer support, a technician can be arranged to visit. The applicable charges are as follows:
i. In-contract customers: Free of charge (FOC)
ii. Out-of-contract customers: RM65 per visit.
You do not need to request for a reconnection as our system will detect your payment and process it immediately, provided you paid via a real-time payment channel.
Click here for a full list of our payment channels.
As a VIP (Standard VIP or Premium VIP), you will be entitled to enjoy the benefits of the VIP subscription, including:
Additionally, as a Premium VIP, besides the benefits mentioned above, you will also be entitled to the following benefits:
If you have more questions about these VIP privileges, please let us know by following these steps: "Profiles" > "Feedback". More privileges are in development for VIPs. Please stay tuned and join IQIYI as a VIP to enjoy these benefits.
Astro X3 allow up to 2 concurrent streams at the same time, shared across your registered devices. If you’d like to enjoy more simultaneous viewing, you can add GO+ to increase to up to 4 concurrent streams for RM5.99 per month (exclusive of SST). While streaming is flexible across devices, only one Smart TV can be used at a time. The remaining streams can be used on mobile or other supported devices via Astro GO.
There will be no changes to your account. However, by paying 5 days earlier, your transactions will be processed in a timely manner and to allow you to enjoy uninterrupted viewing before the next bill is generated for the following month.
Astro X3 offers a curated selection of entertainment and sports content designed to provide a great streaming experience. The availability of certain channels and programmes is subject to content rights and licensing agreements. We are continuously exploring opportunities to expand and align our content offering, with the aim of bringing more channels and content to Astro X3 in the future.
As for radio channels, Astro X3 is designed primarily for digital-first streaming households, focusing on video entertainment content. As such, radio channels are not included within the Astro X3 experience. Customers can continue to enjoy their favourite radio stations through dedicated radio streaming apps, which can be downloaded directly from their device's app store.
Yes, effective on bill date 9th July 2024 onwards, customers who upgraded their package from Astro TV Pack to Astro Broadband Bundle/Astro Fibre Bundle will be charged 6% Service Tax. Any adjustment or proration charges incurred before the upgrade will be calculated based on 6% service tax rate in the next bill, in line with the latest package upgrade.
We would recommend the following browsers for a smooth verification process:
• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Edge
• Mozilla Firefox
• Safari
Successful payment via JomPAY will be posted real time.
No, Astro GO is a free app for Astro customers. The content available on Astro GO will depend on the subscription pack that you are subscribed to.
If you do not have an Astro subscription, please click here to find out packages available.
There will be no penalty fee if you choose to cancel your iQIYI VIP subscription. Your cancellation will take effect upon your current entitlement expiry date. Kindly note that if you cancel your subscription within 24 hours before your entitlement expiry date as reflected in the iQIYI app (not according to Astro billing cycle), your subscription may be auto renewed.
Step 1:
Type ASTRO<space>BARCODE<space>10 digit account number
Example: ASTRO BARCODE 0866603852
Step 2:
Send SMS to 66688
*Standard telco charges and Terms and Conditions apply
4K content is currently not supported on the Ultra/Ulti Box. However, you can still enjoy Prime Video in 4K on compatible smart devices.
There are few ways to get for your refund.
Click here for details:
Astro Rewards is your free loyalty programme - a way for us to say thank you for being with us.
We're always adding new and exciting gifts, deals, and experiences for you including free concert tickets, discounts, and money can't buy experiences - all ready and waiting in the My Astro app for you, right at your fingertips. Here's the best part, the longer you're with us, the better your rewards!
To redeem rewards as an Astro customer, you can do it through the My Astro app. Here's how:
1. Download the My Astro app
2. Login using your Astro ID
3. Go to Rewards
4. Browse through the rewards and click redeem. Follow the instructions on the screen on how to redeem the reward
🎁 Want to claim rewards exclusive for Astro customers?
📱 Download the My Astro app to:
- Claim free movie or concert tickets
- Meet your favourite celebrity
- Join giveaway contests
Step 1: Close the "Astro ID Login" tab in your browser, then close your mobile app browser (Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox etc).
Step 2: Close the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app on your mobile device.
Step 3 Reopen the beIN SPORTS CONNECT app and try to log in again
Starting 20 December 2022, Astro customers will be able to enjoy the iQIYI app as an add-to-bill service for an exclusive price via Astro and enjoy the app on their Ultra/Ulti Box, mobile app and website.
Yes, penalty fee of RM200/Mesh WiFi will be imposed if customer fails to return the device(s). The courier company would make two attempts to retrieve the Mesh WiFi unit within a period of 30 days, failing which the penalty would be imposed.
To access these streaming apps, you would need to upgrade to the Ultra or Ulti Box by visiting product.astro.com.my/box. Alternatively, you may also reachus via WhatsApp by typing "Hi
After completing the subscription process in Q4, follow the simple steps below to access WeTV VIP on your Ultra/Ulti Box:
Step 1: Go to your Ultra/Ulti Box Home Page and select "WeTV" under the Apps rail
Step 2: Click "Log in" and scan the QR code on your TV with your mobile device to download/launch the WeTV app
Step 3: On your mobile device, create a new account or log in using your registered mobile number and click "Login Authorization" to pair your device to your TV
Step 4: Once pairing is complete, please press the back button on your remote to start enjoying VIP-exclusive shows!
Important note: Please ensure that the mobile number used to log in to the app is the same one used to purchase your WeTV VIP subscription. Email login is not applicable for Astro Billing WeTV VIP customers.
*We highly encourage our customers to only use their device’s built-in camera to scan the QR code if available. Alternatively, only use QR code scanner apps that are from a trusted 3rd party provider. By using an untrusted QR code scanner app, you assume all responsibility for any damages or losses that may occur.
You may report the incident on WhatsApp at 03-95433838 by typing PNP and our dedicated agents will attend to your matter. Please have your Airway Bill tracking numbers ready for validation.
If a replacement box/Astro SIM card is deemed necessary, a new Plug &Play Box and a new Astro SIM card will be couriered to your service address.
Astro customers can make payments via My Astro app, Auto-debit, WhatsApp,Astro Quick Pay and other authorised payment channels withoutsurcharge for the easiest and fastest way to pay their Astro bills.
Bill payments at selected petrolstations, convenience stores, retail/mobile shops, kiosks, and e-Wallets, may incur a surcharge of up to RM0.50 per transaction by the appointed collection agencies of RMS (Razer), ATX, MobilityOne and e-Pay.
The surcharge is imposed by third-party payment collection partners for services rendered.
You can refer to all our payment options below. Those marked with ‘*’ will be subject to a surcharge by appointed collection agencies.
A. ASTRO SELF-SERVICE METHODS
My Astro App:
My Astro Web:
Astro Quick Pay:
B. OTHER HASSLE-FREE METHODS
Auto-Debit: Click here for step-by-stepinstructions on how to activate auto-debit payment via My Astro app.
JomPAY: Look for the JomPAY logo on your latest bill, log into your preferred online banking platform, and submit your payment details.
• Biller Code: 9639 (unique to Astro only)
• Ref-1: <10-digit Astro account number> (E.g. 08XXXXXXXX)
C. BANKS
Maybank:
Visit maybank2u.com.my for more information.
Public Bank:
Visit pbebank.com for more information.
Bank Simpanan Nasional:
Visit mybsn.com.my for more information.
Agrobank:
Visit agrobank.com.my for more information.
D. e-WALLETS
ATX*
Boost, GoPayz, KelantanPay, Zcity (GEM REWARD), SabahPay, Tapay, GoPay,MerchantTradeMoney, ToneGroup, Elinking, Mpay, Mcash, and other various smaller wallets.
e-Pay*
Touch n Go (TnG), Grab Pay, Shopee, BigPay, True Money
E. OTHER METHODS
Associated Retailers:
RMS (Razer/ MOL)*
7-Eleven, 99 Speedmart, Caring Pharmacy
ATX*
RedONE Shop, Mobile Money, Runcit Hero (telecommunication shops), Parcel Hub (courier shops), Kiosk, DHL
Mobility One*
Kedai D’mart, Happy Mart, Pasaraya Sakan, PusatKomuniti Desa (PKD), Aeon Big and various sundry shops
e-Pay*
Petrol stations (Petronas, Shell, BHP, Caltex, Petron), KK Mart, Mydin, MyNews, SenHeng, Hai-O, Giant, TF ValueMart, Billion, Big Pharmacy
💳 Want to manage your Astro bills easily?
📱 Download the My Astro app to:
- View and download bill statements
- Check payment history
- Pay in just a few taps
electronic Know-Your-Customer (eKYC) is an online process of identifying and verifying individual customers using electronic means. This enables a person to be an Astro customer anytime and anywhere, hassle-free and helps to secure your Astro account by protecting it from unauthorised usage.
We are working with the Sony team to ensure you will be able to enjoy these 4K UHD channels soon. We will keep you posted once these channels are available to you!
For TV packs only, 24-months contract commitment period. However, if in addition to the TV packs, if you would like to also sign-up for Broadband, the contract commitment will be 24 months as well. If you're an existing customer, your existing remaining contract duration (if any) will not be carried over to the new contract except for existing Disney+ (3 Months Pack) and Multiroom subscription contract durations which will be carried over upon the migration to new packs.
Note: If you are subscribing to a bundle pack which includes Netflix or Disney+ for the first time, you are required to maintain the respective app as part of your bundle selection for a minimum of 12 months, otherwise a cancellation fee will apply.
If you don't know your HBO Max password, you can reset it. You need to have access to your account email to reset your password:
Now, sign in with your account email and your new password.If you don't get a HBO Max Password Reset email, go to Can't reset password.
We wish to advise you to make your payment before the following month's bill is generated in order to avoid interruption in your viewing experience. Please note that to reconnect your subscription, there will be a charge of up to RM20 (excl. gov tax) upon reconnection, except for Commercial & Hotel customers.
Find out more about the reconnection fee here.
Currently, there are no rebates provided when you sign-up for the Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box.
The minimum internet speed required to stream via Ultra Plug & Play Box is 30Mbps for 4K UHD viewing, and Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play is 10Mbps for HD viewing. For better streaming experience, we recommend 100Mbps and above.
All Astro equipment is property of Astro and as per our current Terms and & Conditions, customers are required to return them upon termination of Astro services.
Yes, provided that your Plug & Play Box has not been activated and no later than 7 days upon receiving both the Plug & Play Box and Astro SIM card. In the event that you have activated your Plug & Play Box and wish to cancel, a contract penalty fee will apply.
We will reach out to you for a suitable time to pick up the Plug & Play Box and Astro SIM card.
No, you do not have to prepare any documents before handing your equipment over to the courier agent/installer! All you must do is get your equipment ready before the courier agent/installer arrives to ensure a smooth handover process.
Error “Subscription Required” tapi akaun masih aktif? Brader Astro boleh bantu!
OR
Please ensure to put your box on standby mode to refresh the signal.
The fastest way is via My Astro:
OR
WhatsApp
1. Message 'Hi' to us at 03-9543 3838
2. Click on Tap Here for Options
3. Select Help & Support
4. Type Refresh Astro Box Signal
-
📡 Experiencing technical issues?
📱 Download the My Astro app to:
- Perform self-troubleshoot
- Solve in a few minutes
- No need to call customer service
Yes, there are five digital bill platforms available for all customers to check their Astro bills:
A. My Astro app
1. Download the My Astro app
2. Login using your Astro ID
3. Go to Account > Bills
4. You will be able to see your outstanding bill amount, make payment, download bill statements, and view payment history all in one app.
B. My Astro web
Alternatively, you can use the web version
C. Astro Quick Pay
1. Visit https://pay.astro.com.my
2. Enter your 10-digit Astro Account Number and follow the instructions to view your bill, account status, pay bills or add a billing reminder on your Google calendar.
Note: You will not be able to download your bills or view payment history via Astro Quick Pay. For a better experience to manage your bills (To download bills or view your payment history), you can download the My Astro app.
D. IVR
1. Call +603-95433838
2. Press 1 for Account Related Queries
3. Input your 10-digit Astro Account no. or 12-digit MyKad no.
4. Press 2 for Payment and Billing
5. Press 1 to receive an SMS with your bill balance and a link to pay online
Note: You will not be able to download your bills or view payment history via Astro Quick Pay. For a better experience to manage your bills (To download bills or view your payment history), you can download the My Astro app.
E. Auto-Debit
Alternatively, please register for Auto-Debit by following the steps here for hassle-free payments.
💳 Want to manage your Astro bills easily?
📱 Download the My Astro app to:
- View and download bill statements
- Check payment history
- Pay in just a few taps
The change in due date to 25 days after your billing date is to ensure that your transactions will be processed in a timely manner and subsequently ensure you will enjoy uninterrupted viewing. Please be assured that this change will not affect your monthly bill amount. Kindly check your latest monthly bill statement for more details about this revision.
Starting 7 October 2026, Disney+ will transition to a new Disney+ app experience. Astro customers can continue enjoying Disney+ via Astro with no changes to their Disney+ subscription or monthly fee.
Customers who stream via Astro Ultra or Ulti Box will have the new app made available automatically, while customers who stream on personal devices will simply need to download the new Disney+ app to continue watching Disney+.
Existing customers can sign in using the same email address or mobile number associated with their existing Disney+ account.
For further information and support relating to the Disney+ app experience or app-related features, please visit the Disney+ Help Centre.
Yes, you will still be able to access the WeTV app and stream your favourite content outside of Malaysia. However, kindly be informed that this will be subject to content availability in the specific regions.