Nationwide Installation
Applying for
| Maxis UniFi Astro Njoi |
Frequently Asked Questions
Find your answers here.
We provide one stop service to apply Astro and Broadband for you.
You can avoid driving and queuing at the sales counter. We are the dealer that can help you to handle your application from the beginning to the end.
We do not charge you when you apply from us. There is no credit card information required to apply here. Charges are the same as you apply from the sales counter.
First, you can apply online, we will get back to you immediately during business hour. WhatsApp/Email/Fax us your Photocopy of IC (for malaysian) / Passport (for foreigners). When we receive all the information, we will proceed with your application immediately.
Once we receive your application with complete information, we will process your application immediately during business hour. The contractor from the service provider will then contact you for installation appointment once your application is approved.
Enjoy greater savings and hassle-free bill payment in one single bill for both Astro and Broadband. You get to enjoy Astro and Broadband at discounted price every month over the contract period of 24 months.
Astro offers multiple TV packs including Entertainment, Sports, Movies and Kids options. You can choose a pack that matches your viewing preferences and add optional streaming apps where available.
Yes, you may subscribe to Astro TV packs without bundling broadband. However, bundling Astro TV with Fibre Broadband may provide better monthly savings and convenience with a single bill.
For small households with light streaming and browsing, 100Mbps is usually sufficient. Larger families, gamers or heavy streamers may benefit from 500Mbps or 1Gbps plans for smoother performance across multiple devices.
Most Astro TV and Fibre broadband plans come with a 24-month contract. Early termination charges may apply if cancellation is made before the contract ends.
Yes, you may upgrade your TV pack or broadband speed at any time, subject to eligibility and coverage. A new contract period may apply depending on the upgrade.
Your monthly bill will be issued directly by Astro. You may receive it via email or access it through your Astro account. Bundled customers will receive a single combined bill for TV and broadband services.
Payment methods may include online banking, auto debit, credit card or other approved payment channels provided by Astro. Our team can guide you during the registration process.
If you experience any service interruption, you may contact Astro customer support for technical assistance. In many cases, issues can be resolved remotely or a technician will be arranged if necessary.
Yes, relocation is subject to service availability at your new address. Relocation charges and contract adjustments may apply depending on your plan.
No, you do not need a credit card to submit your application. Payment setup will be arranged directly with Astro after your service is approved.
Selected Astro TV packs allow optional add-ons such as streaming services depending on current promotions and availability. Additional monthly charges may apply.
Yes, a WiFi router is typically provided during fibre installation. The router model may vary depending on the selected broadband speed plan.
Yes, we will check the service coverage at your address before proceeding with your application to ensure broadband is available at your location.
For Malaysians, please provide a copy of your MyKad. For foreigners, provide a copy of your passport when submitting your broadband application.
After your application is approved, the service provider typically contacts you within 2 to 7 working days to arrange the broadband installation appointment.
Most Astro Broadband plans come with a 24-month contract starting from your installation date. If you relocate, a new 24-month contract may apply at your new address.
Yes, you can relocate your broadband service, subject to service availability at the new address. Your contract may reset for another 24 months from the new installation date.
Yes, you may request to relocate broadband devices within your home. Non-standard installation charges may apply and are payable to the installer directly after assessment.
Yes, you can switch to Astro Broadband. To avoid service interruption, it is recommended to activate the new service before terminating your current broadband contract.
Standard installations may be free during promotions, but non-standard installations (e.g., device relocation or complex wiring) may incur extra charges payable directly to the installer.
Yes, a charge of up to RM20.00 may be imposed upon reconnection.
Please submit your issue here or you can WhatsApp us at 03-9543 3838.
Want to return your Ultra or Ulti Plug & Play Box? It's simple and free!
Here's what you can do with your unused Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box:
1. Return your device to us via Arranged Pick-up:
Step 1: Please call Astro's Contact Centre at 03-9543 3838 to schedule an arranged pick-up by one of our courier partners.
Step 2: Just sit back and relax! A courier agent will come to your doorstep to retrieve the devices.
Service will resume within 3 hours after payment is made.
The Astro Fibre app is a newly introduced mobile application exclusively for Astro Fibre customers to allow them to schedule when each user can access the internet, share network access to guests in a secure manner, easy device management, amongst many other features for a better WiFi experience. For more information about this app, please visit here.
STEP 1
Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2
Navigate to Preferences and press "OK".

STEP 3
Navigate to Language and press "OK".

STEP 4
Choose your language preferences and press "OK".

STEP 5
Select Yes, continue and press "OK" to confirm on the changes.
Otherwise, select No, go back to cancel.


You may proceed with the following troubleshooting steps and it shouldn't take you much longer than 15 min
1. Please standby a computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN cable (connect the LAN cable to the Yellow port at Tplink Router and direct to the computer/laptop).
2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to tplinkwifi.net and to access to below login page. Type the Username and Password, then click "Login".

The default login of the router is available on the sticker at the back of the router. If you have done a configuration on your router previously, the password may be different.

For example, below is the login details of the above router:
Username: admin
Password: TIMECE24
4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.

5. From the top menu, choose Advanced and click the Wireless tab on the left menu. Then, select Wireless Settings from the sub menu. Below screen will appear for 2.4GHz selection.

i. Please ensure to tick Enable Wireless Radio function.

ii. To change the channel, click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.
Choose between 1 to 13 (Suggested channels : 1,6,11). Then, click "Save" for the changes to take place.

iii. Click Save for the changes to take place. The router will auto reboot and connection will re-establish after few minutes.

iv. Next, select 5GHz to make changes on the wireless channel for 5GHz.

v. Click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel from the selection.

vi. Click Save for the changes to take place. The router will auto reboot and connection will re-establish after few minutes.

No, customers are only allowed to choose ONE billing option (either Paper Bill or E-bill or SMS bill). However, customers who opted for Paper Bill will still be able to check their bills through Astro Self-Service Portal, IVR, Channel 200 and WhatsApp.
Yes, existing Astro customers can subscribe to all Astro & Broadband offerings. 24 months contract will be renewed upon signing up for broadband.
Service Tax is charged based on the date the service is rendered. For services rendered on or after 1st March 2024, the Service Tax rate would be at 8% whilst for services enjoyed before 1st March 2024, the Service Tax rate would be 6%.
While this technology has its benefits, different devices at home have different reaction and response to changes in signal strength and quality, and it's almost impossible to predict if they will make good band choices due to the interaction between the devices and the Wifi router. Some smart home devices also recommend that band steering is not used due to various reasons such as needing a constant consistent connection, ability to only connect to a particular band, registration of the respective MAC address, etc..
Example:
As single SSID is used, the device may remain on a weak 5GHz network instead of switching over to stronger 2.4GHz network.
For any technical issues, you may visit Astro's Help & Support page or contact Astro via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838 by typing PNP.
STEP 1
Switch off the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is off.

STEP 2
Locate the SIM card at the left side and gently pull it out.

STEP 3
Wipe the SIM card's gold chip clean using a dry soft cloth.

STEP 4
Make sure the gold chip is facing down and reinsert it all the way in.

STEP 5
Switch on the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is on.
Please wait for 5 minutes.

STEP 6
Turn on your Ultra Box. You should no longer be experiencing this problem.

If issue persist, please submit the issue in our Feedback Form with the error details and provide sim card number for assistance.

- Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port in Maxis Router and direct to computer/laptop].
- You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
- On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.0.1 or www.tplinkwifi.net and below page will appear.

The default login of the router is available on the sticker at the back of the router. If you have done a configuration on your router previously, the password may be different
4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.

5. From the top menu, choose Basic and then click Wireless tab on the left menu to access to below screen.

6. Since this is a dual band router, you will have 2 Wireless Network Names (SSID) i.e. 2.4GHz and 5GHz. You may connect to any of the SSID, preferably with a stronger signal available.
7. You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the Password to follow your preferences, then click "Save" for the changes to take place.
Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.
Although anyone can create an Astro ID, only the Astro account owner is allowed to link their account to the Astro ID. Otherwise, you will need permission from the account's owner in order to complete the linking.
Yes, your charges during the deferment days will be pro-rated and reflected in your next bill. Please note that due to the recent requested change in your Astro account, the expiry date for your Disney+ Hotstar (3-months pass) subscription has been deferred to xxx (date) to consolidate the final monthly subscription pricing.
STEP 1
On your remote, press the Home button and the home menu will be displayed on your screen.
STEP 2
Navigate to Profile.
STEP 3
The Profile Selection Screen will be displayed.
STEP 4
Navigate to Edit Profile.
STEP 5
Choose a profile to edit.
STEP 6
Navigate to Name.
STEP 7
Enter your new Profile Name, navigate to DONE and press "OK".
STEP 8
Your new profile name will be shown in the Profile Selection Screen.
At this point in time, 4K UHD content from Disney+ Hotstar is not available on the Ultra or Ulti Box. We are working to enable this on the Ultra Box in a future update.
Astro is an official distributor of Disney+ Hotstar, the dedicated streaming home of global, and Malaysian Hits. Astro customers can now subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar through our Movies, Premium 1, Premium 3 or Platinum Pack and enjoy award-winning entertainment with Disney+ Hotstar alongside Astro's much-loved local content for even better value and savings. Now, customers can enjoy Disney+ Hotstar on their Ultra or Ulti Box, mobile app or web! In addition, customers who have multiple primary Astro accounts will be entitled to multiple entitlements to Disney+ Hotstar.
This error indicates that you are streaming on Astro GO while being connected to a VPN. Please close your VPN application and try streaming again.
If you are still having issues, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.
Unfortunately, you cannot link your direct Disney+ Hotstar subscription to your Astro account. Please ensure that the mobile number used for your direct subscription to Disney+ Hotstar is different from the mobile number used to activate Disney+ Hotstar entitlement via your Astro subscription. If you do not have an alternative mobile number to nominate, kindly contact Disney+ Hotstar's customer service directly at disneyplus.my@hotstar.com for details on how to cancel your direct subscription.
Your cloud recording space will revert to 200 hours by default. If your current recordings exceed 200 hours, the system will delete the exceeded hours once you have stopped the Astro GO+ subscription starting with the oldest recordings first.
Customers who subscribe to the Movies, Premium 1, Premium 3 or Platinum Pack will be able to access Disney+ Hotstar immediately and start streaming all their favourite Global, Regional and Malaysian hits upon activation.
The Multi-user Profile feature allows customers to create individual profiles within their Astro Box and Astro GO with the following personalisations:
- Personalised Recommendations
- Continue Watching
- Watch List
- Last Viewed Channel
- Favourite & Blocked Channels
The MUP feature is a great way to allow individual users to tailor personal Astro experiences whilst using a shared device (e.g.: Astro Box) in the household, providing them with better personalised recommendations and encouraging better content discovery.
Click here to find out more on this new feature and how to use it!
As a rule of thumb, this issue might happen when the devices are not equipped with minimum requirement above that supports the subscribed internet speeds:
- WiFi technology
- Network Interface Card (NIC)
As mentioned above however, it is important to note that despite meeting the device minimum requirements, it is not a guarantee that devices connected over WiFi will be able to achieve maximum subscribed internet speeds due to the following:
- Bad WiFi signal quality and coverage across the area due to:
- Distance from the RGW/Mesh AP with connected device
- Obstruction within the house (walls, metallic surfaces)
- Interference with other household appliances
- Congested bandwidth
- If there are too many devices connected to the WiFi network, then the bandwidth might be overloaded with traffic hence, slowing down the speed
- Devices are connected using WiFi instead of wired using LAN.
- It is important to note that wired connection offers better reliability and speed over WiFi.
- WiFi is more prone to interference compared to a wired connection which causes lower speeds and dropped signal.
- Router Positioning: Most people underestimate the importance of picking a good spot for a Wi-Fi router. Even a small shift in positioning could end up being the difference between day and night:
- High vs. Low: Put the router as high up as possible to extend the broadcasting range of the radio waves. This also helps clear the router of possible interferences.
- Concrete & Metals: Make sure your router isn’t blocked by any other objects, especially devices that are electronic. Also, avoid placing your router in your basement as this area is usually enclosed by a lot of concrete, which can be almost impossible for Wi-Fi signals to penetrate.
- Distance to Router: The further away from your router you get, the weaker the Wi-Fi signal. Therefore, the best option is to place your router as close to your devices as possible, but this is only practical if you have one main area where you tend to use your devices. Otherwise, you should place your router near the center of your home. After all, Wi-Fi broadcasts in 360 degrees, so it doesn’t make sense to put it at one end of the house.
- Usage
- More likely, however, is that the people on your network such as friends, roommates, or family members are participating in bandwidth-heavy activities like gaming and streaming Ultrabox/Netflix.
- Fortunately, if this is the case, you can prioritize your own network traffic by enabling Quality of Service in your router settings.
- If the problem persists, please run a Ping Test/Traceroute Test and attach the picture or screenshot of both test results in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances. Please make sure to attach the required screenshot(s) in ONE file (i.e. Microsoft Word document, PDF, Image file) before submitting the form.
Note:
Astro and its service providers will not offer any guarantees for compatibility of the customer's equipment (e.g., Personal Computer, Notebook, printers) nor provide on site troubleshooting for WiFi service issues related to the customer's equipment.
The entire eKYC verification process may be completed within 5 minutes.
Disney+ Hotstar is available to Astro customers on the Disney+ Hotstar app on Android and iOS devices and website (DisneyPlusHotstar.my) which is accessible on tablets and connected TVs. Unfortunately, Disney+ Hotstar is not available on Astro GO. However, customers can enjoy it on the big screen via the Ultra or Ulti Box.
The recommended home internet speed for a smooth viewing is 10Mbps.
By changing from a 12-months commitment period to 24-months, there will not be any cancellation fee applicable. You will start a new contract with 24-months commitment and receive the corresponding discount for that duration.
Not to worry, our representative will be contacting you within 24 hours.

You may proceed with the following troubleshooting steps and it shouldn’t take you much longer than 15 minutes.
1. Please standby a computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN cable (connect the LAN cable to the Black port at D-Link Router and direct to the computer/laptop).
2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to tplinkwifi.net and to access to below login page. Type the Username and Password, then click "Login".

The default login of the router is available on the sticker at the back of the router. If you have done a configuration on your router previously, the password may be different)

For example, below is the login details of the above router:
Username: admin
Password: TIMECE24
4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.

5. From the top menu, choose Basic and then click Wireless tab on the left menu to access to below screen.

6. Since this is a dual band router, you will have 2 Wireless Network Names (SSID) i.e. 2.4GHz and 5GHz. You may connect to any of the SSID, preferably with a stronger signal available.
7. You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the Password to follow your preferences, then click "Save" for the changes to take place.
Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.
STEP 1
On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2
Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3
Navigate to Master PIN and press “OK”.

STEP 4
Please enter your PIN (Default PIN is 0000).

STEP 5
Please enter your new PIN.

STEP 6
Please re-enter your new PIN to confirm.

STEP 7
Your PIN successfully changed when this screen appears.

Astro is continuously improving our user interface and introducing new features to our platforms to ensure that your Astro experience is more seamless, efficient and user-friendly.
For details on our latest interface, Picture-in-Picture mode and auto-start interactive mode on Astro GO, please click here.
In addition, we have also recently introduced a new look to the Title Information Page, the ability to disable the Profile Selection Screen and adjustable auto-standby timing. For more information, please click here.
Please ensure that you have subscribed to PVR recording service.
If you're subscribed to PVR recording service, follow below steps.
Let's check your hard disk connectivity.
STEP 1
On your remote, press the “HOME” button and the home menu will be displayed at the bottom of your screen.

STEP 2
Navigate to SETTINGS and press “OK”.

STEP 3
Navigate to STB DIAGNOSTICS and press “OK”.

STEP 4
From the General tab, take a look at the HDD Status.

If status is "Connected", press red button to reboot you decoder.
Wait until the box is on, then try to record any program.
If issue persist, please submit the issue on our Feedback Form and attach a picture of your General tab of the STB Diagnostics for assistance.
If status is "Disconnected", please submit your Feedback Form and attach a picture of your General tab of the STB Diagnostics for assistance.
You can proceed with below BTS if the weather is good. Otherwise, you may try again later.
STEP 1
On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2
Navigate to SETTINGS.

STEP 3
Navigate to Satellite Settings and press “OK”.

STEP 4
Navigate to Diagnostics and press “OK”.

STEP 5
Refer to the signal strength on your screen.
If it is 65 or higher, please take the screenshot and submit your feedback form.
If it is below 65, please go to Step 6.

STEP 6
Switch off the power for your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is off.

STEP 7
Unscrew the satellite cable from the box and pull it out.

STEP 8
Plug the satellite cable back into the box and screw it back securely.

STEP 9
Switch on the power for your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is on. Please wait for 5 minutes.

STEP 10
Turn on your box. You should no longer be experiencing this issue.
If issue persist, please submit the issue on our Feedback Form with error details and attach a picture of your General tab of the STB Diagnostics for assistance.
Centralized Dish
If issue persist under a centralized satellite dish, please refer to your respective Building Management before contacting our agents.
Please ensure that your Astro subscription comes with access to Disney+ Hotstar. You may visit astro.com.my/disney to learn more about the Packs that come with Disney+ Hotstar or to check if your Disney+ Hotstar access is activated.
Upon confirmation that your subscription comes with access to Disney+ Hotstar, if you still see an error screen on your TV with your Ultra or Ulti Box when logging in to Disney+ Hotstar, please call our Customer Contact Centre at 03 9543 3838 and an Astro agent will be available to assist you immediately.
STEP 1
Switch off the power of your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is off.
STEP 2
Unplug the HDMI cable from your TV and plug it back in securely to other available HDMI port.
STEP 3
Switch on the power for your box and make sure that the adapter’s power light is on.
Please wait for 5 minutes.
STEP 4
Turn on your box. Do select the correct TV input.
You should no longer be experiencing this problem.

We would need you to run few tests in order for us to understand your issue and to assist you in fixing the problem.
You may proceed with the troubleshooting steps below which should not require any longer than 15 minutes.
- Please run each of the tests according to your your Laptop/PC Software.
- Compile the pictures / screenshots of your test results in one file (i.e Microsof Word document, PDF file) and attach them in the Support Ticket below in order for us to assist you further:
- List of websites effected.
- Run the Speed Test via LAN (cable) and Wi-Fi connection - Please click here for Speed Test guideline.
- Run the Traceroute Test - Please click here for Traceroute Test guideline.
- Run the Ping Test - Please click here for Ping Test guideline.
- Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.

You may proceed with below troubleshooting and it shouldn't take you any longer than 15 minutes.
- Please standby computer/ laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port at ZTE Router and direct to computer/ laptop].
- You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
- On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.0.1 and below page will appear.

4. Type the Username and Password as below. Then click Login. (These are the defaults, if you have done previous configuration on your router the password may be different)
Username: admin
Password: admin (or time123)

5. The router's web-based setup page should now appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.

i. On the setup page, click the Network tab then click on the WLAN then choose Basic sub-tab.

ii. Please ensure Wireless RF Mode is Enabled.

iii. Click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.
Choose between 1 until 11 (Suggested 1,6,11).

iv. Click Submit. Router will auto reboot and connection re-establish after few minutes.
You are attempting to play a content that is not part of your subscription. If you are not able to play a content that you are subscribed to, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.
No, the Mesh WiFi add-on with Astro Fibre is only available as a subscription service and will not be tied to any device contract.
For customers with the Ultra or Ulti Box, you will be charged a fee of RM100 (not inclusive of Govt. tax) upon confirmation of lost Astro Box and Smart Card/SIM Card.
For lost Smart Card/SIM card only, you may be charged RM50 to obtain a replacement.
Yes, from now till 31 May 2022, new customers who sign up for the Platinum Pack on a 24-month contract get to enjoy 60 days on Astro including complimentary access to Sports Extra for 24 months.
For further details on Platinum Pack, please click bit.ly/PlatinumPack60DaysOnUs. Alternatively, new customers on the Movies Pack can enjoy 30 days access to the pack on us.
For more details, please click bit.ly/MoviesPack30DaysOnUs.
For information about the Disney+ Hotstar app functions and specifications, please visit help.hotstar.com or email disneyplus.my@hotstar.com.
Connect your PVR to Wi-Fi and enjoy access to our library of Video On Demand. Replay old seasons, catch-up latest episodes of your favourite shows, anytime you want. To connect your PVR, follow the steps below depending on your box type:
(a) Wi-Fi Enabled PVR (DMT5)

· Press the “Home” button and select “Settings” > “Network” > “Wi-Fi”
· Allow the PVR to scan Wi-Fi networks available and subsequently choose your home Wi-Fi network > Enter your Wi-Fi password if required
· Once connected, the icon below will appear on the screen.

Tip: Use the alpha-numeric keyboard on your Astro Remote to key in your password
· Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!
(b) Non-Wi-Fi Enabled PVR (HD PVR)

There are two ways to connect your HD PVR decoder to your home Wi-Fi
(i) Using the Ethernet (LAN) cable
· Plug in the LAN cable from your modem into the PVR network port
· Once connected, the icon below will appear on the screen

· Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!
(ii) Using an Astro Wi-Fi dongle as per shown below

Step 1 - Plugin the Wi-Fi dongle into the front USB part of your PVR decoder.
Step 2 - A prompt will appear stating "Do you wish to connect to a wireless network?", select "Yes, continue."
Step 3 - Once connected, the Wi-Fi icon will appear on the screen. Now you are ready to download and enjoy Astro's on demand entertainment.
Step 4 - Press the “Home” button and select “On Demand” to start watching videos on demand!
*The Wi-Fi dongle is only applicable for the non-Wi-Fi enabled PVR (as per the picture).
Astro Fibre subscription also comes with a 24-month contract commitment and will NOT be auto renewed at the end of contact period.
The supported app platforms are iOS (requires iOS 13.0 or later), and Android (requires Android 8.1 or later), and all Harmony OS.
The supported web browser are Google Chrome, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, Opera and other web browser.
For Platinum Pack and Multiroom Smart TV customers, Astro GO+ is included in your subscription at no extra charge. For customers on other packages, you will be able to add-on Astro GO+ to your subscription for RM 5.99/month.
Thank you for your interest in returning your Astro Box & Smart card/SIM card. By returning these items, you are playing your part in preserving our environment as we will refurbish the box and return it to circulation or recycle it.
All Astro box and smartcard/SIM cards are also property of Astro and as per our current T&Cs, customers are required to return them upon termination of Astro services.
To allow customers to decide on their WiFi connection arrangement based on their preference upon being advised by the installer on-site.
User to manually connect their devices to different WiFi bands based on their usage and preference.
