We provide one stop service to apply Astro and Broadband for you.
You can avoid driving and queuing at the sales counter. We are the dealer that can help you to handle your application from the beginning to the end.

We do not charge you when you apply from us. There is no credit card information required to apply here. Charges are the same as you apply from the sales counter.

First, you can apply online, we will get back to you immediately during business hour. WhatsApp/Email/Fax us your Photocopy of IC (for malaysian) / Passport (for foreigners). When we receive all the information, we will proceed with your application immediately.

Once we receive your application with complete information, we will process your application immediately during business hour. The contractor from the service provider will then contact you for installation appointment once your application is approved.

Enjoy greater savings and hassle-free bill payment in one single bill for both Astro and Broadband. You get to enjoy Astro and Broadband at discounted price every month over the contract period of 24 months.

Astro offers multiple TV packs including Entertainment, Sports, Movies and Kids options. You can choose a pack that matches your viewing preferences and add optional streaming apps where available.

Yes, you may subscribe to Astro TV packs without bundling broadband. However, bundling Astro TV with Fibre Broadband may provide better monthly savings and convenience with a single bill.

For small households with light streaming and browsing, 100Mbps is usually sufficient. Larger families, gamers or heavy streamers may benefit from 500Mbps or 1Gbps plans for smoother performance across multiple devices.

Most Astro TV and Fibre broadband plans come with a 24-month contract. Early termination charges may apply if cancellation is made before the contract ends.

Yes, you may upgrade your TV pack or broadband speed at any time, subject to eligibility and coverage. A new contract period may apply depending on the upgrade.

Your monthly bill will be issued directly by Astro. You may receive it via email or access it through your Astro account. Bundled customers will receive a single combined bill for TV and broadband services.

Payment methods may include online banking, auto debit, credit card or other approved payment channels provided by Astro. Our team can guide you during the registration process.

If you experience any service interruption, you may contact Astro customer support for technical assistance. In many cases, issues can be resolved remotely or a technician will be arranged if necessary.

Yes, relocation is subject to service availability at your new address. Relocation charges and contract adjustments may apply depending on your plan.

No, you do not need a credit card to submit your application. Payment setup will be arranged directly with Astro after your service is approved.

Selected Astro TV packs allow optional add-ons such as streaming services depending on current promotions and availability. Additional monthly charges may apply.

Yes, a WiFi router is typically provided during fibre installation. The router model may vary depending on the selected broadband speed plan.

Yes, we will check the service coverage at your address before proceeding with your application to ensure broadband is available at your location.

For Malaysians, please provide a copy of your MyKad. For foreigners, provide a copy of your passport when submitting your broadband application.

After your application is approved, the service provider typically contacts you within 2 to 7 working days to arrange the broadband installation appointment.

Most Astro Broadband plans come with a 24-month contract starting from your installation date. If you relocate, a new 24-month contract may apply at your new address.

Yes, you can relocate your broadband service, subject to service availability at the new address. Your contract may reset for another 24 months from the new installation date.

Yes, you may request to relocate broadband devices within your home. Non-standard installation charges may apply and are payable to the installer directly after assessment.

Yes, you can switch to Astro Broadband. To avoid service interruption, it is recommended to activate the new service before terminating your current broadband contract.

Standard installations may be free during promotions, but non-standard installations (e.g., device relocation or complex wiring) may incur extra charges payable directly to the installer.

Yes. You are entitled to separate Netflix accounts for each main Astro subscription e.g. If you have subscribed to Entertainment Plus, Platinum Pack, etc separately. Therefore, if you have more than one main Astro subscription with Netflix, you may choose to create multiple email addresses to activate each respective Netflix subscription. Please follow the steps provided to you via email/SMS in order to activate your Netflix subscriptions on the website.

When playing content from the Video On Demand library, a 15-second or 30-second video advertisement(s) will be shown before the On Demand programme starts. All advertisements will display a countdown to indicate the time remaining on the advertisement(s) and will not be skippable.

To find out more information on Astro GO advertising, please click here.

No, this change in due date will not impact your monthly bill subscription.

No, you can remain in your current pack, however starting 9 November 2021, you would need to subscribe to the new packages to make any changes to your subscription. We strongly encourage customers to switch to the new packs to enjoy the best content experience from Astro.

You will not be able to switch between channels, use the app as a remote control, view favorite channels and programmes, use programme showtime reminder, and remote record feature.

You will only be able to watch Astro GO and/or Multiroom Smart TV on up to 2 devices at the same time as opposed to 4 devices with Astro GO+. 

Your cloud recording storage will also decrease from 1500 hours down to 200 hours. Your stored recordings/downloaded shows that exceed 200 hours will also be removed. 

Starting 29 August 2022 (for Ulti Box customers) and 2 September 2022 (for Ultra Box customers), you will be able to log in to Disney+ Hotstar using your registered mobile number by following these simple steps: 

Step 1 - You will receive a Disney+ Hotstar auto-activation SMS on your registered mobile number. 

Step 2 - Press the Home button on your Astro remote. Under the "Apps

Astro Fibre subscription also comes with a 24-month contract commitment and will NOT be auto renewed at the end of contact period.

We would need you to run few tests in order for us to understand your issue and to assist you in fixing the problem.

This will not take longer than 15 minutes.

1. Please run each of  the test using your laptop or personal desktop by connecting to your Astro Fibre.
2. Please list down the impacted website (Provide us the complete URL i.e. www.astro.com.my).
3. We need you to run below tests and compile the pictures or screenshots of your test results into one file (i.e Microsof Word document, PDF file) and send to our agent in order for us to assist you further:
   • Run the Ping & Traceroute Test - For guidance, please click here for Ping & Traceroute Test guideline. 
   • You may run this by connecting via WiFi or LAN cable. Your test result will appears as per below screen and take a screenshot.

• Run the Speed Test - For guidance, please click here for Speed Test guideline.

We need you to run the Speed Test using both WiFi connection and LAN cable.

4. Once you've gathered all the results, attach in Feedback Form for further assistance.

Yes,existing Astro & Broadband customers within contract or out of contract can subscribe to Astro Fibre offer. The 24-month contract will be renewed.

However, your contract with Maxis/Allo needs to be terminated before signing up to this offer. An early cancellation fee applies if you are still within contract.

‍*Subject to Terms &Conditions of your contract

All Astro customers with Disney+ Hotstar bundle/Add-on will be moved to the Disney+ Hotstar Premium Plan, with no changes to their current subscription pricing starting 24 April 2024. The new Disney+ Hotstar Premium Plan includes 3 concurrent streams, 10 maximum device logins, maximum video quality up to 4K Ultra HD (compatible devices required), and streaming on phone, tablet, laptop and TV.

If you have questions about your Disney+ Hotstar plan, please contact Astro Customer Contact Centre at 03 9543 3838. Alternatively, please WhatsApp Astro at 03 9543 3838 and type DH Help for further assistance. 

4K UHD offers 4 times the resolution of HDTV (4K UHD has 3840x2160 resolution with 8 million pixels compared to HD which has 1920x1080 with 2 million pixels), sharper detail, smoother lines and a richer colour palette, as well as a vibrant colour TV experience. 

Customers on Ultra Box with Sports Pack can tune in to the Astro SuperSport UHD Channel (CH 805 and CH 806) for an exciting selection of Sports content such as the Premier League and the Spanish Primera Liga. 

Customers on Ultra Box with Movies Pack and News & Documentaries add-on can stream some of the latest movies and documentaries respectively in UHD by pressing the “Home” button on your remote and exploring your choices at no additional cost.

In addition, customers can rent additional movies on top of their subscription and stream the latest and hottest 4K UHD Blockbuster movies, drama series and local movies, blockbuster movies in Ultra HD via Astro First Channel 480, and Astro Best Channel 481 and VOD titles in “Store”.

Please note that a standard rent rate applies for all these titles, to learn more about the pricing, head over to the FAQ section at www.astro.com.my/ultra

From 8 October 2021 onwards, Astro will be ceasing the daily passes (e.g. 3, 5, 7 & 30 days passes). Please subscribe to the relevant packs to continue enjoying your favourite content. Stay tuned for more exciting offers. Thank you.

Step 1: Open your My Astro app

Step 2: Select "Astro Rewards"

Step 3: Scroll through your rewards to see what you're entitled to

Step 4: Select the rewards that take your fancy and follow the instructions stated on how to redeem them (redemption instructions may vary based on reward)

1. Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via LAN  (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port in Maxis Router and  direct to computer/laptop].
2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.1.254 and below page will appear.

The default login of the router as below. If you have done a configuration on your router previously,  the password may be different.

Username: user
Password: Router S/N (Available on the sticker at the back of the router)

4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.

5. From the left menu, choose Wireless 2.4GHz  and then click Basic Settings tab on the left menu to access to below screen.

6. You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the SSID Password to follow your preferences, then click "Save"  for the changes to take place.

Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.

7. Since this is a dual band router, you will have 2 Wireless Network Names  (SSID) i.e. 2.4GHz and  5GHz. You may connect to any of the SSID, preferably with a stronger signal available.

You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the SSID Password to follow your preferences for 5GHz by choosing Wireless 5GHz  then click Basic Settings.

Click "Save" for the changes to take  place and reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once  completed.

Yes, you are eligible for selected bundle packages with rebates up to RM39/month and a free speed upgrade if you subscribe within the promotion period. Kindly note that monthly rebates are only available for Pay TV + Astro Fibre bundles but the speed upgrade is available for all packages including standalone plans.
 

1. Tune to channel 200 - select on "MyAccount"

2. Select "View Channel Listing" and press "OK".

Yes, you can purchase Astro First and Astro Best content by using the app and web. Refer below for the steps to purchase movies via this app and web. Thereafter, you can watch them on Astro Go.

STEP 1

Switch off the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is off.

STEP 2

Locate the SIM card at the left side and gently pull it out.

STEP 3

Wipe the SIM card's gold chip clean using a dry soft cloth.

STEP 4

Make sure the gold chip is facing down and reinsert it all the way in.

STEP 5

Switch on the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is on.

Please wait for 5 minutes.

STEP 6

Turn on your box. You should no longer be experiencing this problem.    

If issue persist, please submit the issue on our Feedback Form with the error details and provide sim card number for assistance.

STEP 1    

Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2    

Navigate to Preferences and press "OK".

STEP 3  

Navigate to Language and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Choose your language preferences and press "OK".

STEP 5  

Select Yes, continue and press "OK" to confirm on the changes.    

Otherwise, select No, go back to cancel.

At this point in time, 4K UHD content from Disney+ Hotstar is not available on the Ultra or Ulti Box. We are working to enable this on the Ultra Box in a future update. 

We are always updating the Multiroom (Smart TV) app to ensure our customers get to enjoy the best entertainment experience. We will keep you posted if you are able to enjoy more 4K UHD channels in the future!

It will take around 10 to 15 minutes before you are able to view your purchase.

1. Please use a LAN ethernet cable and connect your computer/ laptop to the back of the Maxis Router.

2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc.

3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.1.254 and the page below will appear.

    The default login of the router as below. If you have done a configuration on your router and changed your password previously, please use the password you have previously set.
 

    Username: administrator

    Password: Router S/N (Available on the sticker at the back of the router)

4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear.

5. From the left menu, select WIRELESS to access the screen below.

6. You may change the Channel selection by scrolling down to the Advanced Setup.

7. To change the channel on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.

Then, click "Apply" for the changes to take  place.

8. A warning box will popup, click "OK" for the changes to take place.

9. Please wait until the connection reestablish.

After service termination of your Astro Fibre service, we will call you via your registered mobile number (up to 3 times over 3 days) to schedule an arranged pick-up by one of our Astro agents. Our agent will then come to your doorstep, dismantle the devices for you and retrieve them.  

Note: Upon termination of your service, customers are required to return their old Astro Fibre devices to Astro. Failure to do so will incur a fee of RM200 (WiFi Router), RM500 (Fibre Modem) and RM200 (Mesh WiFi Unit - if applicable) for each unit. All prices stated are exclusive of Govt. tax.

Discover thousands of movies and series you'll love, and we are continuously expanding. If you would like to enjoy more movies on top of your current subscription, press the Home button and select On Demand. Use the arrow keys to scroll to Store. Pick and choose to rent any movie for up to 48hours.

You should have received an email or SMS with your activation details, please click on the link provided to be redirected to the Netflix website to activate your account.

Alternatively, you can also activate Netflix on your Ultra/Ulti Box. Please surf to CH 741 on your Ultra/Ulti Box (or click the Netflix button on your Astro remote) and follow the instructions on the screen.

Advance payment can be made via credit/debit card or online banking.

For Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play Box installation, it is recommended that you attempt to self-install by following the installation guide here, but there is an option to request for an installer to install the box at your premise. However, there will be a separate fee for this service request.

1. Please standby computer/laptop to access to the internet and connection must be via (cable) [Connect the LAN (cable) to the yellow port in Maxis Router and direct to computer/laptop].
2. You may open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.
3. On the address bar, please go to http://192.168.0.1 or www.tplinkwifi.net and below page will appear.

The default login of the router is available on the sticker at the back of the router. If you have done a configuration on your router previously, the password may be different

4. Once you have successfully login, the router's web-based setup page will appear. Please follow below steps for the configuration.
 

5. From the top menu, choose Basic and then click Wireless tab on the left menu to access to below screen.

6. Since this is a dual band router, you will have 2 Wireless Network Names  (SSID) i.e. 2.4GHz and  5GHz. You may connect to any of the SSID, preferably with a stronger signal available.

7. You may change the Wireless Network Name (SSID) and the Password to follow your preferences, then click "Save"  for the changes to take place.

Please reconnect to the new wireless name with the new password once completed.

The all-new Astro Fibre is Astro's own internet service whereby customers would be able to enjoy the Astro content over the internet via wireless connection along with high-speed internet service ranging from 50Mbps - 800Mbps.

While Astro & Broadband offers Astro content in partnership with Maxis Fibre Broadband or Allo City Broadband for customers to enjoy the best entertainment through Astro while staying connected with high-speed internet.

If you would like more information or to provide feedback on Astro Rewards, kindly reach out to us at 03 9543 3838 or visit one of our Astro service centres.

STEP 1
In the Kids Profile, press the Home button on your remote and the home menu will be displayed.



STEP 2
Navigate to Profile.



STEP 3
The Profile Selection Screen will be displayed.



STEP 4
Choose an Adult Profile.



STEP 5
Switching from a Kids to an Adult Profile will require you to enter a 4-digit PIN.
Please enter your PIN to proceed. If you have not set up your PIN, the default code is 0000.



STEP 6
After entering the PIN, you will be able to enter the Adult Profile.


 

For self-installation, in your first bill upon activation of your Plug& Play Box, the activation fee will be included as a separate line item in your bill alongside the subscription fee.

If you choose to install the Plug & Play Box via installer, you can pay the installation fee and activation fee directly to the installer upon installation. This will be reflected in your next bill itemised as setup fee.

At this point in time, the Disney+ Hotstar app on the Ultra or Ulti Box does not support Dolby audio. We are working to enable this in a future update. 

Should you choose to discontinue/terminate the Astro Fibre Bundle service before the expiry of the contract (24 months), you will be subjected to an early cancelation fee of RM100 x Remaining months of the contract period for your Broadband services and early cancellation fee of New Packs accordingly RM600 (prorated) for Ulti Box or RM1000 (prorated) for Ultra Box.

Any bundle package promotion will be removed, and you will no longer get to enjoy similar promotions upon reconnection.

All Astro Fibre devices provisioned (Fibre modem, WiFi router and Mesh) will need to be returned upon termination. Our team will schedule the collection of equipment after your Broadband services have been terminated.

If equipment is damaged, lost or cannot be retrieved, penalty fees will be applied (excluding Service Tax) accordingly.

• RM500 for Fibre modem (Broadband Termination Unit)

• RM200 for WiFi router (Residential Gateway)

• RM200/unit for Mesh WiFi

Yes, your charges during the deferment days will be pro-rated and reflected in your next bill. Please note that due to the recent requested change in your Astro account, the expiry date for your Disney+ Hotstar (3-months pass) subscription has been deferred to xxx (date) to consolidate the final monthly subscription pricing.

For more information about the Astro Fibre App, you may click here for a detailed user guide.

If you would like more information or to provide feedback, kindly log in to our support page via support.astro.com.my. For more questions regarding Astro Pack, you may reach out to us via call at 03-7481 1000 (Monday to Friday, 9AM – 6PM exclude public holidays).
 

If you did not receive the recovery email or verification code, please make sure that:

1. You are inserting the correct email or mobile number you used to register for your Astro ID.
2. Check your junk mailbox or spam folder.  

To find out which email or phone number you have used to register your Astro ID, you may submit a feedback form. Kindly select feedback type "I have an enquiry/issue with Apps" choose "Astro GO" 
 

We will get in touch with you within 48 hours to solve your enquirie

No, you will not be able to manage your account with the Astro Fibre App. However, you may download the “MyAstro” app on your mobile device now to manage your Astro account in a fast and easy way.

Astro is an official distributor of Disney+ Hotstar, the dedicated streaming home for global, and Malaysian hits. Astro customers can now subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar through the new, bigger and more diverse Packs, i.e.: Movies, Premium 1, Premium 3 or Platinum Pack. The streaming service brings together blockbuster movies from Hollywood to Hallyu and award-winning content from Disney, Marvel, Star Wars, Pixar, National Geographic, FX, 20th Centuary Studios and more including exclusive premieres from leading Malaysian studios. Take your family entertainment to the next level with Disney+ Originals like I am Groot, Prey, Baymax, Obi-Wan Kenobi, She-Hulk, IN THE SOOP: Friendcation and more - with the convenience of one monthly bill for all your entertainment needs. 

Movies Pack, Premium 1, Premium 3 and Platinum customers as well as customers on the Starter Plus Pack, Value Plus Pack, and Disney+ Hotstar (3-months Pass) can enjoy Disney+ Hotstar on Astro. 

Customers can subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar via astro.com.my/Disney, as well as via authorised retailers and dealers. 

A security question will be asked when making payments with credit cards over the phone. All other payment channels will not require any form of verification.

Of course not! It is a value-added service introduced for your convenience.

Mac OS X

1. Click the Go tab in the top menu bar and select Utilities from the drop-down menu.

2. Type "network utility" in the search bar in the top right-hand corner of the Utilities window and then hit the "Enter" key on your keyboard. 

3. Click the Network Utility icon to open the Network Utility window.

4. For Ping Test, select the Ping tab and then type the address you'd like to ping in the text box. Click Ping and wait for the ping results.
 

5. For Traceroute Test, select the Traceroute tab and then type the address you like to traceroute in the text box. Click Trace and wait for the traceroute results.
 

Windows 10

1. Click the Search icon (magnifying glass) in the bottom left-hand corner and type "cmd" into the search bar.

2. Select the Command Prompt app - it will be at the top of the list of search results as the best match.

3. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the tracert results.

Windows 7 & Vista

1. Open the Start menu by clicking the Windows icon at the bottom left-hand corner of the screen.

2. Type "cmd" in the search bar at the  bottom of the menu.

3. Click cmd found in the search results for Programs.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.
 

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the traceroute results.

Windows 8

1. Move the mouse to the right-hand corner of the screen to make the vertical menu bar (charm bar) appear. Click Search.

2. Type "cmd" in the search bar and hit the Enter key on your keyboard.

3. Click cmd that found in the search results for Programs.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.
 

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the traceroute results.

Windows XP

1. Click the Start button in the bottom left-hand corner of the screen.

2. Click the Run option in the right-hand column.

3. Type "cmd" in the text box and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard.

4. A black box with a flashing cursor will open; this is the Command Prompt.

For Ping Test, type "ping" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to ping and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the ping results.

For Traceroute Test, type "tracert" and then hit the Space bar on your keyboard. Type in the address you'd like to trace and then hit the Enter key on your keyboard. Wait for the tracert results.

Yes, from now till 31 May 2022, new customers who sign up for the Platinum Pack on a 24-month contract get to enjoy 60 days on Astro including complimentary access to Sports Extra for 24 months.

For further details on Platinum Pack, please click bit.ly/PlatinumPack60DaysOnUs. Alternatively, new customers on the Movies Pack can enjoy 30 days access to the pack on us.

For more details, please click bit.ly/MoviesPack30DaysOnUs.

No there will not be any penalty.

For the Multiroom subscription on a box setup, if your subscription is within the 24-month contractual period. Then a pro-rated penalty of RM600 will be applied for any Astro box except for Ultra Box, which the penalty will be RM1,000.

If you're trying to visit a website and it won't load, but others do, there could be a variety of causes. If the site itself is down, there's not much you can do but wait.

If you can load the site on other computers or devices (make sure you try different means of connecting to the internet), there may be an issue with your computer or network.

There are some quick fixes that will solve most problems, but you may have to get your hands a little dirty.
 

1. Try loading the site on a different device.
   • Try loading the website on your phone or on another computer. If the website loads on the other device, the problem lies with your computer.
   • If the website doesn't load on another device, the problem is either with the network
2. Restart your computer.
   • Oftentimes, a simple reboot will fix the problem you're having. Reboot your computer and test the website again.
3. Try loading the site in a different browser.
   • There may be some settings configured incorrectly on your browser. Try a different web browser to see if you can load the website.
4. Temporarily disable your antivirus program.
   • Your antivirus software may be interfering with your ability to load certain websites.
   • Try disabling the software and then loading the site again. Make sure you enable it again once you have identified the problem.
5. Reset  your modem and router.
   • Traffic to or from a certain website may be getting tripped up by your modem or router. Resetting these devices may allow you to access the website again.
6. Check your computer's date and time settings.
   • If your date or time is set incorrectly, you may not be able to connect to secure (https://) websites.
   • Check your computer or mobile device's clock to make sure that it is set to the correct time and date.

i. List of websites effected.
ii. Run the Speed Test via LAN (cable) and Wi-Fi connection - Please click here for Speed Test guideline.  
iii. Run the Traceroute Test - Please click here for Traceroute Test guideline.
iv. Run the Ping Test -  Please click here for Ping Test guideline.

Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below.

Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access  parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.    
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our  server.

My Astro app and web is currently available in English and Bahasa Malaysia only.

STEP 1  

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2  

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3  

Navigate to STB Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 4    

Select Household Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5    

Details information of Household Diagnostics screen will be  displayed.