We provide one stop service to apply Astro and Broadband for you.
You can avoid driving and queuing at the sales counter. We are the dealer that can help you to handle your application from the beginning to the end.

We do not charge you when you apply from us. There is no credit card information required to apply here. Charges are the same as you apply from the sales counter.

First, you can apply online, we will get back to you immediately during business hour. WhatsApp/Email/Fax us your Photocopy of IC (for malaysian) / Passport (for foreigners). When we receive all the information, we will proceed with your application immediately.

Once we receive your application with complete information, we will process your application immediately during business hour. The contractor from the service provider will then contact you for installation appointment once your application is approved.

Enjoy greater savings and hassle-free bill payment in one single bill for both Astro and Broadband. You get to enjoy Astro and Broadband at discounted price every month over the contract period of 24 months.

Astro offers multiple TV packs including Entertainment, Sports, Movies and Kids options. You can choose a pack that matches your viewing preferences and add optional streaming apps where available.

Yes, you may subscribe to Astro TV packs without bundling broadband. However, bundling Astro TV with Fibre Broadband may provide better monthly savings and convenience with a single bill.

For small households with light streaming and browsing, 100Mbps is usually sufficient. Larger families, gamers or heavy streamers may benefit from 500Mbps or 1Gbps plans for smoother performance across multiple devices.

Most Astro TV and Fibre broadband plans come with a 24-month contract. Early termination charges may apply if cancellation is made before the contract ends.

Yes, you may upgrade your TV pack or broadband speed at any time, subject to eligibility and coverage. A new contract period may apply depending on the upgrade.

Your monthly bill will be issued directly by Astro. You may receive it via email or access it through your Astro account. Bundled customers will receive a single combined bill for TV and broadband services.

Payment methods may include online banking, auto debit, credit card or other approved payment channels provided by Astro. Our team can guide you during the registration process.

If you experience any service interruption, you may contact Astro customer support for technical assistance. In many cases, issues can be resolved remotely or a technician will be arranged if necessary.

Yes, relocation is subject to service availability at your new address. Relocation charges and contract adjustments may apply depending on your plan.

No, you do not need a credit card to submit your application. Payment setup will be arranged directly with Astro after your service is approved.

Selected Astro TV packs allow optional add-ons such as streaming services depending on current promotions and availability. Additional monthly charges may apply.

Yes, a WiFi router is typically provided during fibre installation. The router model may vary depending on the selected broadband speed plan.

Yes, we will check the service coverage at your address before proceeding with your application to ensure broadband is available at your location.

For Malaysians, please provide a copy of your MyKad. For foreigners, provide a copy of your passport when submitting your broadband application.

After your application is approved, the service provider typically contacts you within 2 to 7 working days to arrange the broadband installation appointment.

Most Astro Broadband plans come with a 24-month contract starting from your installation date. If you relocate, a new 24-month contract may apply at your new address.

Yes, you can relocate your broadband service, subject to service availability at the new address. Your contract may reset for another 24 months from the new installation date.

Yes, you may request to relocate broadband devices within your home. Non-standard installation charges may apply and are payable to the installer directly after assessment.

Yes, you can switch to Astro Broadband. To avoid service interruption, it is recommended to activate the new service before terminating your current broadband contract.

Standard installations may be free during promotions, but non-standard installations (e.g., device relocation or complex wiring) may incur extra charges payable directly to the installer.

There will be no changes to your Netflix account when you move to a new address.

You will only be able to watch Astro GO and/or Multiroom Smart TV on up to 2 devices at the same time as opposed to 4 devices with Astro GO+. 

Your cloud recording storage will also decrease from 1500 hours down to 200 hours. Your stored recordings/downloaded shows that exceed 200 hours will also be removed. 

Please note that only one Disney+ Hotstar access is bundled to each Movies Pack subscription which allows two concurrent streams on Disney+ Hotstar.

Streaming app entitlement is dependent onthe TV Pack you are subscribed to, with some streaming apps available on Astroas an add-to-bill service. Please visit product.astro.com.my/apps to seeif you are entitled to your favourite streaming app once it is launched!

Multiroom (Astro Box) requires an Astro box to be setup and can be accessed through the regular satellite feed or streaming on home Wi-Fi. Meanwhile, the Multiroom (Smart TV) only requires a Smart TV and no installation needed. Customers can download the Astro app on the Smart TV and connect to home Wi-Fi to stream.

Please use your Astro ID that was registered with your Astro Fibre subscription to log in to the Astro Fibre App.

STEP 1

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3

Navigate to Subtitles and press "OK".

STEP 4

Navigate to your preferred selection and press "OK".

We have taken into account customer feedback when introducing these new packs. While we understand the value customers see in purchasing their preferred channels individually, the packaging of media drives the economies of scale necessary to offer content at an affordable price to all our customers.

Other than the New Astro Packs that offer great value, customers may purchase selected channels or packages as content add-on such as Korean Pack, Horror Pack etc.

1. Please connect your computer or laptop to your Astro Fibre router using LAN cable. Your LAN cable must be connected from the yellow port of Astro Fibre router (Any available port).

2.Once connected, open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, type http://192.168.100.254 and below page will appear.

Login using your username and password if you have changed the router login setting. Otherwise, your default router login is as per below.

Username: user

Password: user

4. Once you have successfully logged in, the router's web-based setup page will appear.

5. At the top of the page, click Wi-Fi to configure the WiFi parameters.

6. You may change the Wi-Fi Name and the Wi-Fi Password as per your preferences, then click "Apply".

7. Your Wi-Fi Name and password has been changed. Kindly ensure to reconnect your WiFi according your new WiFi name and password.

Once your Plug & Play Box has been activated, a courier service will reach out to you within TWO (2) weeks for a time for them to pick up the old Astro box and SIM card/Smartcard.

1. Ensure that all cables have been plugged out of the old Astro box. To remove the white satellite cable from your old Astro box, simply hold the cable, twist, and gently pull.
2. Set aside these items to be ready for our delivery partner to pick up from you:

• Old Astro Box
• Old Astro Smartcard/SIM Card (leave this in your Astro Box)

3. When a courier arrives at your residence, do confirm that they are collecting items on behalf of Astro.
4. Allow the courier to check the serial number of the Astro box.
5. Hand them all the items for return, and you're done!

Tap on the "Account' screen on the navigation bar to view your outstanding balance. Click on "Pay Now' to pay your bill. If your payment is successful, you will receive a record and your payment history will be updated.

Although anyone can create an Astro ID, only the Astro account owner is allowed to link their account to the Astro ID. Otherwise, you will need permission from the account's owner in order to complete the linking.

Please call our Customer Contact Centre or WhatsApp "DH Help" at 03 9543 3838 to cancel your Disney+ Hotstar 3-months add-on pass with Astro. 

If you choose to self-install the Plug& Play Box, then no installation fee will be charged. However, there will be an activation fee (please refer to the table below)

If you choose to have an installer to install the Plug & Play Box, then an installation fee will also apply.

No. However, if you cancel your Astro Pay TV services but resubscribe at a later date, your duration (year) with us will reset to zero and restart according to your new activation date. Your Astro Rewards tier will reset to Magenta.

Kindly note that not all Astro & Broadband Devices are required to be returned. After service termination of your Astro & Broadband service, we will call you via your registered mobile number within 3 days to schedule a pickup appointment with our Astro agent if your device needs to be returned.

If you were not contacted within 3 working days to return your devices, you are required to discard your old Astro & Broadband devices only at registered collection centres for proper handling and management of e-waste in an environmentally sound manner. Click here to find a registered collection centre near you.

Frequently Asked Questions

1)     I missed the pickup appointment; what do I do now?

You can reschedule the pick-up appointment by calling our agent directly.

2)     Can I reschedule my pickup date?

Yes! You can call our agent back directly to reschedule the pickup date and time.

3)     Do I have to pack my device(s) before handing it over to the Astro agent?

Our Astro agent will dismantle the devices for you. However, if your devices are already dismantled, please pack them in their original box/packaging if possible. If this option is not available to you, just hand the device(s) over to the Astro agent without any packaging. You will not be charged any fees if the original packaging has been damaged/lost.

4)     Do I have to print anything or fill in any forms before handing my device(s) over to the Astro agent?

No, you do not have to prepare any documents before handing your device(s) over to the Astro agent! All you have to do is get your device(s)ready before the Astro agent arrives to ensure a smooth handover process.

5)     I have the Astro & Broadband router and modem to return, however, the cable(s) that come with them are damaged/lost; will there be any penalty fees?

No, please return your old Astro & Broadband modem and its power supply unit (PSU). There will be no penalty fees if the cable is damaged or lost.

Recycle via Registered Collection Centres

For all recycling-related questions, please click here.

You may reach out to Astro's customer service at 03-95433838 if you think there's an error regarding your redemption or rewards.

Customers with a Movies subscription via Movies, Premium 1, Premium 3 or Platinum Packs will be able to access Disney+ Hotstar on the Ultra Box and Ulti Box. Alternatively, customers can add on the 3-months Disney+ Hotstar pass for only RM54.90. Subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar via astro.com.my/Disney.

For any access related queries on Disney+ Hotstar, please call or WhatsApp "DH Help

Astro wants to give our members the convenience of having all their favourite series, exciting originals, vernacular signatures, live sports and local blockbuster movies in one place. Astro customers will be able to enjoy greater convenience by having Netflix bundled with their Astro subscription, consolidating the subscriptions, and providing easy access for payment in a single bill, at the best value.

If you have forgotten your username or password, you may follow the steps below:

Step 1. Go to netflix.com

Step 2: Click on Sign In

Step 3: Click on "Need Help

1. Please connect your computer or laptop to your Astro Fibre router using LAN cable. Your LAN cable must be connected from the yellow port of Astro Fibre router (Any available port).

2. Once connected, open any web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and etc.

3. On the address bar, type http://192.168.100.254 and below page will appear.

Login using your username and password if you have changed the router login setting. Otherwise, your default router login is as per below.

Username: user

Password: user

4. Once you have successfully logged in, the router's web-based setup page will appear.

5. At the top of the page, click More to configure the WiFi parameters.

6. From the left menu, select WLAN and choose Wi-FI Advanced Network to access the screen below.

7. To change the channel on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, click the drop-down arrow for Channel, then select your desired channel.

8. Then, click "Apply" for the changes to take  place.

You require at least two devices to form a Mesh WiFi network which are Astro Fibre WiFi router and a Mesh WiFi unit.

The Mesh unit will link to the WiFi router to form the Mesh WiFi network. You may connect up to 5 Mesh WiFi units for optimal WiFi coverage in your home.

Your purchased PPV daily pass will still be accessible to you for the purchased duration ie. 3, 5, 7 or 30 days respectively. However, you will no longer be able to purchase PPV daily passes from 8 Oct onward.

STEP 1

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3

Navigate to Master PIN and press “OK”.

STEP 4

Please enter your PIN (Default PIN is 0000).

STEP 5

Please enter your new PIN.

STEP 6‍

Please re-enter your new PIN to confirm.

STEP 7

Your PIN successfully changed when this  screen appears.

Please ensure that you have subscribed to the mentioned channel.
If you're subscribed to this channel, follow below steps.

STEP 1
You need to refresh the signal on your box.
Refer to Refresh signal of your box guide.

STEP 2
If issue persist after 30 minutes, proceed to submit report via WhatsApp or Feedback Form.

1. For WiFi connection:
   • For Internet speeds up to 300Mbps, the user needs to have minimum WiFi 802.11n (5GHz) capabilities
   • For Internet speeds up to 500Mbps, the user needs to have minimum WiFi 802.11ac (5GHz) capabilities
   • For Internet speeds up to 800Mbps, the user needs to have minimum WiFi 802.11ax (5GHz) capabilities
2. ​For Wired connection:
   • The users need to use Cat5e Network cable or better and have their device equipped with 1Gbit Network Interface Card (NIC)
3. A summary of the minimum specifications for devices as tabulated below:

1. Number of WiFi antennas in the client device
2. Distance and WiFi signal strength between client device and RGW/Mesh AP
3. Overall WiFi signal congestion/pollution in area
4. Total number of devices connected to the RGW/Mesh AP

• Distance from the RGW/Mesh AP
• Client's Wi-Fi hardware specifications/capabilities
• Overall Wi-Fi signal quality in the area

Please be informed that your service will be suspended if there is no payment after 31 days from your bill cycle date. After 62 days of non-payment, your service will be terminated, and an early cancellation fee will be applied if you are still within the 24-month contract.

Astro customers can make payments via Auto-debit, WhatsApp,Astro Quick Pay and other authorised payment channels withoutsurcharge for the easiest and fastest way to pay their Astro bills.

‍Bill payments at selected petrolstations, convenience stores, retail/mobile shops, kiosks, and e-Wallets, may incur a surcharge of up to RM0.50 per transaction by the appointed collection agencies of RMS (Razer), ATX, MobilityOne and e-Pay.

The surcharge is imposed by third-party payment collection partners for services rendered.‍

You can refer to all our payment options below. Those marked with ‘*’ will be subject to a surcharge by appointed collection agencies.

‍

A. HASSLE-FREE METHODS

Auto-Debit:​
Click here for step-by-stepinstructions on how to activate auto-debit payment via My Astro Portal.‍


WhatsApp:

1. Save Astro’s WhatsApp number 03-9543 3838 into your contacts and send “Hi”to us via WhatsApp.
2. Follow the instructions in the menu to proceed with your payments.

JomPAY:​
Look for the JomPAY logo on your latest bill, log into your preferred online banking platform, and submit your payment details.
• Biller Code: 9639 (unique to Astro only)
• Ref-1: <10-digit Astro account number> (E.g. 08XXXXXXXX)


B. ASTRO SELF-SERVICE METHODS​

Astro Quick Pay​:

1. Visit pay.astro.com.my.
2. Just enter your 10-digit Astro Account Number and proceed with theinstructions that follow.

My Astro Portal​:

1. Login to My Astro Portal to conveniently make your payment online.
2. Select ‘PAY BILL’ and proceed with the instructions that follow.
3. You can also use this portal to check your billing and payment history.

Channel 200​:

1. Tune into CH200.
2. Select 'My Account'.
3. Click on 'Make Payment' and follow the instructions displayed on the screen.
4. SMS the code shown on your TV to 33777.
5. Wait for the SMS reply with an attached link to proceed with your payment.

My Astro App​:

1. Download My Astro app (available for FREE on both Google Play & Apple App Store).
2. Register/Login/Link account and provide a valid email address and mobile number.
3. Select 'My Account' on the menu bar to view your outstanding balance and click on 'Let’s Pay' to make your bill payments.
4. You will receive a push notification in your message inbox verifying that your payment has been made, upon successful payment.

C.BANKS​

Maybank:

• ATM
• Online banking

‍Visit maybank2u.com.my for more information.


Public Bank:

• ATM
• Cash Deposit Machine & Cheque Deposit
• Online banking

‍Visit pbebank.com for moreinformation.


Bank Simpanan Nasional:

• ATM
• Cash Deposit Machine
• Online banking
• SMS banking
• BSN Ejen Bank Berdaftar (EBB)
• Over-the-counter payments

‍Visit mybsn.com.my for more information.


Agrobank:

• ATM
• Online banking
• Over-the-counter payments

‍Visit agrobank.com.my for more information.
‍

D. e-WALLETS

A‍TX*
Boost, GoPayz, KelantanPay, Zcity (GEM REWARD), SabahPay, Tapay, GoPay,MerchantTradeMoney, ToneGroup, Elinking, Mpay, Mcash, and other various smaller wallets.

e-Pay*
Touch n Go (TnG), Grab Pay, Shopee, BigPay, True Money

‍E. OTHER METHODS​‍

‍Associated Retailers​:

RMS (Razer/ MOL)*
7-Eleven, 99 Speedmart, Caring Pharmacy

ATX*
RedONE Shop, Mobile Money, Runcit Hero (telecommunication shops), Parcel Hub (courier shops), Kiosk, DHL

Mobility One*
Kedai D’mart, Happy Mart, Pasaraya Sakan, PusatKomuniti Desa (PKD), Aeon Big and various sundry shops‍

e-Pay*
Petrol stations (Petronas, Shell, BHP, Caltex, Petron), KK Mart, Mydin, MyNews, SenHeng, Hai-O, Giant, TF ValueMart, Billion, Big Pharmacy

Starting 21 June 2022, all new digital sign-ups for TV packs on astro.com.my will now include access to the Astro GO app within an hour upon checkout of your first month subscription fees (excluding tax). Install the app on your smartphones, tablets or computers and you can start streaming even before your Astro box arrives!

You will not be able to switch between channels, use the app as a remote control, view favorite channels and programmes, use programme showtime reminder, and remote record feature.

There are 2 methods of setting maturity ratings restriction on Netflix: 

‍

Method 1 – Create a Kids Profile in Netflix App on Ultra/Ulti Box 

1. On the Netflix home menu, select “Switch Profile” 

2. Select Add Profile.  

3. Name the profile. 

4. Select Kids. Kids profiles have a logo 'Kids' on the profile icon so they are easy to identify.  

5. Select Continue. The new profile will show on the list of profiles on your account. 

‍

Method 2 – Manually set Viewing Restrictions for each profile 

1. Go to https://www.netflix.com/profiles/manage

2. Select a Profile. 

3. Under Maturity Settings, select Edit. 

4. Enter your Netflix password. 

5. You may select the desired Maturity Rating settings or add a particular title restrictions for the profile. 

6. Select Save. 

For more information kindly visit: 

• https://help.netflix.com/en/node/114275

• https://help.netflix.com/en/node/114276

STEP 1

Switch off the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is off.

STEP 2

Locate the SIM card at the left side and gently pull it out.

STEP 3

Wipe the SIM card's gold chip clean using a dry soft cloth.

STEP 4

Make sure the gold chip is facing down and reinsert it all the way in.

STEP 5

Switch on the power for your box and make sure that the adapter's power light is on.

Please wait for 5 minutes.

STEP 6

Turn on your box. You should no longer be experiencing this problem.    

If issue persist, please submit the issue on our Feedback Form with the error details and provide sim card number for assistance.

If you did not receive the recovery email or verification code, please make sure that:

1. You are inserting the correct email or mobile number you used to register for your Astro ID.
2. Check your junk mailbox or spam folder.  

To find out which email or phone number you have used to register your Astro ID, you may submit a feedback form. Kindly select feedback type "I have an enquiry/issue with Apps" choose "Astro GO" 
 

We will get in touch with you within 48 hours to solve your enquirie

For Astro Fibre subscription, should you choose to discontinue/terminate the Astro Fibre service before the expiry of the contract (24 months), you will be subjected to an early cancellation fee of RM100 x Remaining months of the contract period for your Broadband services.

All Astro Fibre devices provisioned (Fibre modem, WiFi router and Mesh) will need to be returned upon termination. Our team will schedule the collection of equipment after your Broadband services have been terminated.

If equipment is damaged, lost or cannot be retrieved, penalty fees will be applied (excluding Service Tax) accordingly.

RM500 for Fibre modem (Broadband Termination Unit)

RM200 for WiFi router (Residential Gateway)

RM200/unit for Mesh WiFi

Astro Rewards is open to all *Active Astro PayTV customers and their immediate family members

* "Active Astro customer" refers to subscriber of the Astro Service and whose account is current and active with no outstanding payments due and owing to Astro and who has not breached the Astro subscription agreement nor given any instructions to terminate and /or suspend his/her subscription to the Astro Service as at the date of winner notification. Winners must remain active Astro customers until the date of collection of prizes.

The Ultra Box is Astro's latest generation of 4K UHD enabled box with Cloud recording feature, redesigned new interface, and UHD resolution. Just connect the all-new Ultra Box to the internet and take control of your entertainment and explore over 110,000 videos that are waiting to be streamed, anytime. With the ability to record as many shows as you want simultaneously.

The new interface on Astro Ultra Box offers an enhanced viewing experience with a brand-new look and feel with features such as:

·        New Home Screen - Everything you see is yours

·        Discover VOD - Discover 110k videos, stream anytime, anywhere including in 4K UHD

·        Search - Search faster and easier

·        Play from Start - You missed the start? Just restart

·        Stop Here, Continue There - Stop on one screen and continue on another device

·        Multi-Screen - Stream seamlessly across any device

·        Cloud Recording - Record all the programmes you want at the same time

.       **Continuous viewing - Enable to continue watching your favorite shows during raining
 

Note: ** Except 4K UHD, Astro First and all radio channels

The minimum internet speed required to stream via Ultra Plug & Play Box is 30Mbps for 4K UHD viewing, and Ultra/Ulti Plug & Play is 10Mbps for HD viewing. For better streaming experience, we recommend 100Mbps and above.

You can be assured that your data are safe with us. Astro implemented sufficient security measures to protect customer data and fully comply to Personal Data  Protection Act

STEP 1

‍

Try to change channels on your Astro  remote.

INDICATOR: LED blinking 3 times / NO LED blink

SOLUTION: Replace new battery

Proceed to Step 2.

‍

INDICATOR: LED blinking 1 time

Confirm it's not your Astro remote faulty, let's proceed to Step 3.

‍

STEP 2

If issue remain after the battery replacement, this might be due to a faulty Astro remote.

Try changing the channel manually directly from the box front panel (If any).

If it's working, you might need to  replace your Astro remote.

You may walk-in to our nearest Customer Service Center for the replacement.

STEP 3

You need to refresh the box setting by initiate manually from box front panel.    

Refer to Refresh Box setting Guide steps here.

STEP 1

On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2

Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3

Navigate to Video Resolution and press “OK”.

STEP 4

Navigate to your preferred selection and press “OK”.

Recommended to select Auto.

STEP 5

Navigate to Save and press "OK" to confirm your selection if able to read the text properly.

Otherwise, navigate to Cancel to revert to previous settings.

BYOND / PVR / Ultra Box

To dismantle ONLY - FOC
‍
To reinstall ONLY – RM65
‍
To dismantle and reinstall - RM65

‍

Broadband / IPTV

Relocation within 6 months of contract start will be charged a RM500.00 relocation fee, and the contract will be renewed to a new 24-month contract.

Relocation after 6 months of contract start will have their contract renewed to a new 24-month contract.

‍

Note For IPTV Customers: 

1. Upon relocation request, all exiting IPTV customers will be converted to our Astro & Broadband service. Customers can choose to have standard Astro service with satellite dish, or unicast Plug & Play without satellite dish.

2. If customers choose to have satellite dish, an additional RM150.00 will be charged for satellite installation. If customers choose to have unicast Plug & Play service, no satellite dish is required, hence no extra charge will be incurred.

‍

‍

*Please note that additional charges may apply if the reinstallation process requires extra cables/fixings.

Payment for Astro services will not increase. However, the Service Tax applicable will be increased from 6% to 8% and this will result in an increase in the total amount payable.

Starting 29 August 2022 (for Ulti Box customers) and 2 September 2022 (for Ultra Box customers), you will be able to log in to Disney+ Hotstar using your registered mobile number by following these simple steps: 

Step 1 - You will receive a Disney+ Hotstar auto-activation SMS on your registered mobile number. 

Step 2 - Press the Home button on your Astro remote. Under the "Apps

Band Steering is a functionality that our WiFi router (Huawei K562E) has that intelligently connects devices to its WiFi to the best frequency bands available based on usage, speed and coverage by using only one same SSID for both 2.4GHz and 5GHz band.

Any Astro GO compatible device (mobile/tablet/PC) and Multiroom Smart TV* compatible TVs will benefit from Astro GO+. 

Your bill will be waived upon request.

Yes, existing non-Primary Pack customers who add on 50Mbps to their subscription will get to enjoy high speed broadband for only RM60/month and a free speed upgrade to 100Mbps for 24 months. Please note that a new 24-month contract will start upon successful installation.

Each Astro customer is entitled up to 4 smart devices to be registered including mobile, laptops, tablets and Smart TV per household.

If you have maximised the registered device, you will be able to see the list of all your current registered devices on your mobile screen. Please remove any one device to allow the current Smart TV device to be included.

Do note that only 1 Smart TV device is allowed at any point in time.

For Astro Fibre, you may choose from a selection of Broadband speeds from 100Mbps to 800Mbps for as low as RM129/month and receive a free WiFi 6 router & Astro Fibre App. On top of this, you will also get to enjoy a complimentary speed upgrade for 24 months. A new 24-month contract will begin upon successful installation and full details of this offer are as follows: