
A free satellite TV service from Astro. Watch lifetime entertainment, news, learning & information and more.
Pictures for illustration only.
Enjoy free access to 15+ TV channels & 10+ radio channels.
* Subject to Astro terms & conditions.
Step-1 |
Step-2 |
Step-3 |
Choose a plan & sign-up online. |
Sit back & wait for installation. |
Enjoy your new Astro / Broadband! |

A free satellite TV service from Astro. Watch lifetime entertainment, news, learning & information and more.
Pictures for illustration only.
New decoder only without satellite dish & cabling. You must have Astro/Njoi satellite dish and cable installed and working properly.
Including installation.
New decoder complete with satellite dish & cabling.
Including installation.
Applying for
| Njoi Astro UniFi Maxis |
Find your answers here.
We provide one stop service to apply Astro and Broadband for you.
You can avoid driving and queuing at the sales counter. We are the dealer that can help you to handle your application from the beginning to the end.
We do not charge you when you apply from us. There is no credit card information required to apply here. Charges are the same as you apply from the sales counter.
First, you can apply online, we will get back to you immediately during business hour. WhatsApp/Email/Fax us your Photocopy of IC (for malaysian) / Passport (for foreigners). When we receive all the information, we will proceed with your application immediately.
Once we receive your application with complete information, we will process your application immediately during business hour. The contractor from the service provider will then contact you for installation appointment once your application is approved.
Enjoy greater savings and hassle-free bill payment in one single bill for both Astro and Broadband. You get to enjoy Astro and Broadband at discounted price every month over the contract period of 24 months.
Astro offers multiple TV packs including Entertainment, Sports, Movies and Kids options. You can choose a pack that matches your viewing preferences and add optional streaming apps where available.
Yes, you may subscribe to Astro TV packs without bundling broadband. However, bundling Astro TV with Fibre Broadband may provide better monthly savings and convenience with a single bill.
For small households with light streaming and browsing, 100Mbps is usually sufficient. Larger families, gamers or heavy streamers may benefit from 500Mbps or 1Gbps plans for smoother performance across multiple devices.
Most Astro TV and Fibre broadband plans come with a 24-month contract. Early termination charges may apply if cancellation is made before the contract ends.
Yes, you may upgrade your TV pack or broadband speed at any time, subject to eligibility and coverage. A new contract period may apply depending on the upgrade.
Your monthly bill will be issued directly by Astro. You may receive it via email or access it through your Astro account. Bundled customers will receive a single combined bill for TV and broadband services.
Payment methods may include online banking, auto debit, credit card or other approved payment channels provided by Astro. Our team can guide you during the registration process.
If you experience any service interruption, you may contact Astro customer support for technical assistance. In many cases, issues can be resolved remotely or a technician will be arranged if necessary.
Yes, relocation is subject to service availability at your new address. Relocation charges and contract adjustments may apply depending on your plan.
No, you do not need a credit card to submit your application. Payment setup will be arranged directly with Astro after your service is approved.
Selected Astro TV packs allow optional add-ons such as streaming services depending on current promotions and availability. Additional monthly charges may apply.
Yes, a WiFi router is typically provided during fibre installation. The router model may vary depending on the selected broadband speed plan.
Yes, we will check the service coverage at your address before proceeding with your application to ensure broadband is available at your location.
For Malaysians, please provide a copy of your MyKad. For foreigners, provide a copy of your passport when submitting your broadband application.
After your application is approved, the service provider typically contacts you within 2 to 7 working days to arrange the broadband installation appointment.
Most Astro Broadband plans come with a 24-month contract starting from your installation date. If you relocate, a new 24-month contract may apply at your new address.
Yes, you can relocate your broadband service, subject to service availability at the new address. Your contract may reset for another 24 months from the new installation date.
Yes, you may request to relocate broadband devices within your home. Non-standard installation charges may apply and are payable to the installer directly after assessment.
Yes, you can switch to Astro Broadband. To avoid service interruption, it is recommended to activate the new service before terminating your current broadband contract.
Standard installations may be free during promotions, but non-standard installations (e.g., device relocation or complex wiring) may incur extra charges payable directly to the installer.
Your bill statement will include details of your monthly subscription charges; e.g. charges for your chosen Astro packages and Broadband service. It will also show the time period of which your first bill will cover, as well as indicate how much the total charges are and when the payment due date is.
Step 1: Separate Your Wi-Fi Network Name
First, you need to set up your Wi-Fi to Dual-band in order to be less susceptible to interference, and allows you to choose between the 2.4GHz or 5GHz bands when connecting a device. A Wi-Fi frequency of 5GHz is best when you are near your router, and 2.4GHz is best for when you are far from your router.
Below are details for a standard login based on a standard router issued by ISP (Telekom Malaysia, Maxis, and Time dot Com)

Step 2: Factory reset your Ultra Box by following the steps below.
a. Press the Home button on your remote

b. Go to your settings page

c. Scroll down and select Reset/Restore

d. Select restore factory settings and proceed

e. Enter your PIN to access restore factory settings (default pin: 0000)

f. Choose restore and wait until the box reboots automatically. This may take around 2 minutes and you will see the Astro logo again when it's done.

We would need you to run few tests in order for us to understand your issue and to assist you in fixing the problem.
You may proceed with the troubleshooting steps below which should not require any longer than 15 minutes.
1. Please run each of the tests according to your your Laptop/ PC Software.
2. Compile the pictures/ screenshots of your test results in one file (i.e Microsof Word document, PDF file) and attach them in the Support Ticket below in order for us to assist you further:
3. Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below,
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.
For app, you may go to "Manage' > "Support' section and provide your feedback either through the feedback form or chat with us via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838.
For web, you may go to "Support' menu and provide your feedback either through the feedback form or chat with us via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838.
For Ultra and/or Ulti box, you may chat with us via WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838.
There will be no installation fee for both Astro Box and Ultra Box. The Multiroom (second decoder) must be installed at the same registered address as your primary subscription.
You can make changes to your Netflix plans that are included in your Bundle through My Astro app
You can change your non Astro-bundled a-la carte Netflix plan at any time by signing into Netflix.com and visiting the Account page, then selecting Change Plan to view and select available plans.
We apologise for the inconvenience caused. If you have not receive the upgraded speed within 48 hours after the service activation, please call Astro’s Contact Centre at 03-9543 1543 and an Astro agent will be available to assist you immediately.
Regular (DTH) customers can watch Astro without an Internet connection. If you have selected Plug & Play setup option, a minimum speed of 10Mbps/device is required to enjoy a good HD viewing experience on Ultra/Ulti¯Box and 30Mbps/device for 4K UHD viewing on Ultra Box. However, if you have selected the Regular (DTH) option, the internet speeds above are recommended to enjoy a good viewing experience for On Demand and Astro Cloud services.
Advance payment can be made via credit/debit card or online banking.
Please switch your current subscriptions to our new Astro packs to subscribe to Multiroom (Smart TV). To sign up, WhatsApp “SWITCH” to 03-9543 3838 and an agent will assist you.
Find out more of our new packs at https://product.astro.com.my/tv
Currently, Maxis, Digi, Celcom, TuneTalk, U-Mobile, Yes, XOX and Webe.
If you're trying to visit a website and it won't load, but others do, there could be a variety of causes. If the site itself is down, there's not much you can do but wait.
If you can load the site on other computers or devices (make sure you try different means of connecting to the internet), there may be an issue with your computer or network.
There are some quick fixes that will solve most problems, but you may have to get your hands a little dirty.
i. List of websites effected.
ii. Run the Speed Test via LAN (cable) and Wi-Fi connection - Please click here for Speed Test guideline.
iii. Run the Traceroute Test - Please click here for Traceroute Test guideline.
iv. Run the Ping Test - Please click here for Ping Test guideline.
Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.
A deposit of RM500 is payable for new subscribers (non-Malaysians). The fee will be refunded when service is terminated.
No deposit is required for all existing Astro customers and new subscribers (Malaysians).
Starting 16 February 2024, you may be asked to perform Astro ID verification when you log in to their Astro account on digital platforms such as www.astro.com.my, Astro GO, My Astro etc. This 2-step process encompasses verifying your email address or phone number and re-entering of your existing password.
Starting 29 August 2022 (for Ulti Box customers) and 2 September 2022 (for Ultra Box customers), you will be able to log in to Disney+ Hotstar using your registered mobile number by following these simple steps:
Step 1 - You will receive a Disney+ Hotstar auto-activation SMS on your registered mobile number.
Step 2 - Press the Home button on your Astro remote. Under the "Apps
The Download/Upload for each of the speed is as follow:
50Mbps/20Mbps
100Mbps/50Mbps
500Mbps/100Mbps
800Mbps/200Mbps
*Actual download/upload speeds is dependent on external factors, including but not limited to the distance between your devices and the WiFi router, network capacity and the number of connected users, the quality of your internal wiring, any obstructions of WiFi signals, the signal strength of wireless connection from your devices and if you are using a wireless connection.
1. Please ensure your modem and router power plugs are securely connected to the power socket.

2. Alternatively, try to connect the power plug to a different power socket or power source. This step is to eliminate the possibility of faulty power socket which could cause the issue.

3. If issue persists, submit your Feedback Form for further assistance.
Your access to Astro GO will depend on the subscription pack that you are subscribed to. Not all shows/channels will be available on Astro GO as this depends on contractual rights with specific guidelines on the entitlement of these shows/channels. We are continuously working hard to make more content available on Astro GO.
You may navigate around the menu on the side bar on Astro GO app, or top bar on the Astro GO web version to find shows available.


Menu Guide
No, you are still able to subscribe to iQIYI on your current Astro pack.
Please ensure to put your box on standby mode to refresh the signal.
a. Using IVR
1. Dial 03-95433838 and select you preferred language.
2. Select Account Related.
3. Select Technical Assistance.
4. Select Refresh Smartcard.
b. Using MyAstro web
STEP 1
Go to https://myastro.astro.com.my/ in your web browser.
STEP 2
Key-in your Email / Mobile number and password. Then, press LOG IN.
STEP 3
Click on TV pack.
STEP 4
Choose Main Room for the Primary Box; else choose Multiroom (If any).
STEP 5
Click on "Refresh" to refresh signal on your box.
For Main Box
For Multiroom
STEP 6
After tap the Refresh, below notification will be displayed as below.
For Main Box
For Multiroom
c. Using MyAstro App
STEP 1
Open myAstro App and click "Login".
STEP 2
Key-in your Email / Mobile number and password. Then, press "LOG IN".
STEP 3
Go to "Account".
STEP 4
Scroll down to "TV pack" and click on it.
STEP 5
Choose Main Room for the Main Box; else choose Multiroom (If any).
STEP 6
Tap on "Refresh" to refresh signal on your box.
For Main Box
For Multiroom
STEP 7
After tap the Refresh, below notification will be displayed as below.
For Main Room
For Multiroom
Yes, the subscription will be reflected on all your set-top box provided they are registered under our Multiroom service.
1. Ensure power cable is connected tightly.
2. Try to use another power socket / power source to eliminate faulty power sockets/ power sources which could cause the issue.

3. If the issue persists, submit your feedback form for further assistance.
Yes, another person may register their credit card to your account's auto-debit facility. If you are performing this action via our call centre, the respective card holder is required to be present.
This Service Tax is imposed on customers of Pay TV broadcasting services by the Government. As such the Service Tax will be passed on to the customers.
Please refer to "Upon downloading the app, what do I do next?" question on this FAQ here or call us at 03-9543 3838 for any further queries.
No. Astro GO is a FREE entitlement exclusively for customers with an Astro subscription. If you do not have an Astro subscription account, please visit astro.com.my to find out more.
Mesh WiFi devices are available as an add-on subscription from RM10/month across all Astro Fibre speeds. You may subscribe to a maximum of 5 units of Mesh WiFi per Astro Fibre subscription.
You can contact Astro's Contact Centre (03 - 9543 1543) to subscribe to the Mesh WiFi.
You may call Astro's Contact Centre at 03-9543 3838 or wait for an Astro representative to be in contact with you within 2 working days to assist you with your order.
Yes, if a device is faulty due to customer's negligence, it is subject to a penalty fee for each device:
Yes, a charge of up to RM20.00 may be imposed upon reconnection.
We would recommend the following browsers for a smooth verification process:
• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Edge
• Mozilla Firefox
• Safari
STEP 1
In the Kids Profile, press the Home button on your remote and the home menu will be displayed.
STEP 2
Navigate to Profile.
STEP 3
The Profile Selection Screen will be displayed.
STEP 4
Choose an Adult Profile.
STEP 5
Switching from a Kids to an Adult Profile will require you to enter a 4-digit PIN.
Please enter your PIN to proceed. If you have not set up your PIN, the default code is 0000.
STEP 6
After entering the PIN, you will be able to enter the Adult Profile.
STEP 1
On your remote, press the HOME button and the home menu will be displayed on top of your screen.

STEP 2
Navigate to Settings.

STEP 3
Navigate to Satellite Settings and press "OK".

STEP 4
Select Diagnostics and press "OK".

STEP 5
Signal reading on Tuner 1 will be displayed. Navigate to right arrow for next step.

STEP 6
Signal reading on Tuner 2 will be displayed. Navigate to "Done" and press "OK" to complete the diagnostics.

From 8 October 2021 onwards, Astro will be ceasing the daily passes (e.g. 3, 5, 7 & 30 days passes). Please subscribe to the relevant packs to continue enjoying your favourite content. Stay tuned for more exciting offers. Thank you.
Netflix is a streaming entertainment service that offers a wide variety of award-winning TV programmes, films, anime, documentaries and more - on thousands of internet-connected devices. There's always something new to discover, and more TV shows and movies are added every month. The more you watch, the better Netflix gets at recommending TV shows and movies you'll love.
Astro customers with an internet-connected Ultra Box or Ulti Box can access the Netflix app and watch Netflix content via their Astro Box. For more information about Netflix, visit the Netflix website.
The all-new Astro Fibre is Astro's own internet service whereby customers would be able to enjoy the Astro content over the internet via wireless connection along with high-speed internet service ranging from 50Mbps - 800Mbps.
While Astro & Broadband offers Astro content in partnership with Maxis Fibre Broadband or Allo City Broadband for customers to enjoy the best entertainment through Astro while staying connected with high-speed internet.
If you're trying to visit a website and it won't load, but others do, there could be a variety of causes. If the site itself is down, there's not much you can do but wait.
If you can load the site on other computers or devices (make sure you try different means of connecting to the internet), there may be an issue with your computer or network.
There are some quick fixes that will solve most problems, but you may have to get your hands a little dirty.
Try loading the website on your phone or on another computer. If the website loads on the other device, the problem lies with your computer.
If the website doesn't load on another device, the problem is either with the network or the website itself.
Oftentimes, a simple reboot will fix the problem you're having. Reboot your computer and test the website again.
There may be some settings configured incorrectly on your browser. Try a different web browser to see if you can load the website.
Your antivirus software may be interfering with your ability to load certain websites.
Try disabling the software and then loading the site again. Make sure you enable it again once you have identified the problem.
Traffic to or from a certain website may be getting tripped up by your modem or router. Resetting these devices may allow you to access the website again.
If your date or time is set incorrectly, you may not be able to connect to secure (https://) websites.
Check your computer or mobile device's clock to make sure that it is set to the correct time and date.
In the event the problem persists, please provide below details for further escalation:
i. List of websites effected.
ii. Run the Speed Test via LAN (cable) and Wi-Fi connection - Please click here for Speed Test guideline.
iii. Run the Traceroute Test - Please click here for Traceroute Test guideline.
iv. Run the Ping Test - Please click here for Ping Test guideline.
Once you've gathered all the results, kindly send them all through the Feedback Form below.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.
There are two ways for you to switch your preferred bill delivery method:
A. Customers can manage their account via the My Astro Portal by following these easy steps:
B. Customers can also manage their account via Astro’s mobile application, the My Astro app by following these easy steps:
Slow browsing using LAN cable
Looks like there is something wrong with your service connection.
Please run the Speed Test and attach the picture or screenshot of the speed test in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.
Click here for Speed Test guideline.
Slow browsing using LAN cable
Looks like there is something wrong with your service connection.
Please run the Speed Test and attach the picture or screenshot of the speed test in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.
Click here for Speed Test guideline.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
Slow browsing using Wi-Fi
1. Router Positioning
Most people underestimate the importance of picking a good spot for a Wi-Fi router. Even a small shift in positioning could end up being the difference between day and night.
i) High vs. Low
Put the router as high up as possible to extend the broadcasting range of the radio waves. This also helps clear the router of possible interferences.
ii) Concrete & Metals
Make sure your router isn't blocked by any other objects, especially devices that are electronic. Also, avoid placing your router in your basement as this area is usually enclosed by a lot of concrete, which can be almost impossible for Wi-Fi signals to penetrate.
iii) Distance to Router
The further away from your router you get, the weaker the Wi-Fi signal. Therefore, the best option is to place your router as close to your devices as possible, but this is only practical if you have one main area where you tend to use your devices.
Otherwise, you should place your router near the center of your home. After all, Wi-Fi broadcasts in 360 degrees, so it doesn't make sense to put it at one end of the house.
2. Wireless Interference & Noise
You've probably never noticed but there are wireless signals all around you wherever you go and they're passing through you all the time. From where? Electronic devices, Wi-Fi routers, satellites, cell towers, and more.
Although Wi-Fi is supposed to be on a different frequency than most of these devices, the amount of radio noise can still cause interference. Some common causes of interference include:
3. Surrounding Wi-Fi signals
A truth of the modern world is that every household has their own Wi-Fi network, which can cause issues with channel overlap. This can be somewhat problematic in a townhouse, but is especially problematic in housing complexes and apartments where there can be many routers within close proximity.
Which is why it's important that you pick a good channel in your router settings. Modern routers can choose channels for you automatically, but sometimes it's better to investigate and find the best channel yourself.
4. Usage
More likely, however, is that the people on your network such as friends, roommates, or family members are participating in bandwidth-heavy activities like gaming and streaming Ultra box/ Netflix.
Fortunately, if this is the case, you can prioritize your own network traffic by enabling Quality of Service in your router settings.
If the problem persists, please run a Ping Test, Traceroute Test and attach the picture or screenshot of both test results in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.
Please make sure to attach the required screenshot(s) in ONE file (i.e. Microsoft Word document, PDF, Image file) before submitting the form.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.
You may report the incident on WhatsApp at 03-9543 3838 by typing PNP and our access our user guide or request for further help from our dedicated agents. Please have your Airway Bill tracking numbers ready for validation. If a replacement box/Astro SIM card is deemed necessary, a new Box and a new Astro SIM card will be couriered to your service address.
No additional subscription is required. Video On-Demand (VOD) is a value-added service for all Astrro customers with connected Astro boxes (Ultra Box, Ulti Box, HD-PVR & PVR boxes). All you have to do is connect your decoder to your home Wi-Fi and you'll be able to access the world of on demand. Binge-watch, rewind, fast-froward and stream all your favourite shows anytime.
Slow browsing using LAN cable
Looks like there is something wrong with your service connection.
Please run the Speed Test and attach the picture or screenshot of the speed test in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.
Click here for Speed Test guideline.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
Slow browsing using Wi-Fi
1. Router Positioning
Most people underestimate the importance of picking a good spot for a Wi-Fi router. Even a small shift in positioning could end up being the difference between day and night.
i) High vs. Low
Put the router as high up as possible to extend the broadcasting range of the radio waves. This also helps clear the router of possible interferences.
ii) Concrete & Metals
Make sure your router isn't blocked by any other objects, especially devices that are electronic. Also, avoid placing your router in your basement as this area is usually enclosed by a lot of concrete, which can be almost impossible for Wi-Fi signals to penetrate.
iii) Distance to Router
The further away from your router you get, the weaker the Wi-Fi signal. Therefore, the best option is to place your router as close to your devices as possible, but this is only practical if you have one main area where you tend to use your devices.
Otherwise, you should place your router near the center of your home. After all, Wi-Fi broadcasts in 360 degrees, so it doesn't make sense to put it at one end of the house.
2. Wireless Interference & Noise
You've probably never noticed but there are wireless signals all around you wherever you go and they're passing through you all the time. From where? Electronic devices, Wi-Fi routers, satellites, cell towers, and more.
Although Wi-Fi is supposed to be on a different frequency than most of these devices, the amount of radio noise can still cause interference. Some common causes of interference include:
i) Microwaves
ii) Bluetooth Devices
iii) Cordless Phone
3. Surrounding Wi-Fi signals
A truth of the modern world is that every household has their own Wi-Fi network, which can cause issues with channel overlap. This can be somewhat problematic in a townhouse, but is especially problematic in housing complexes and apartments where there can be many routers within close proximity.
Which is why it's important that you pick a good channel in your router settings. Modern routers can choose channels for you automatically, but sometimes it's better to investigate and find the best channel yourself.
4. Usage
More likely, however, is that the people on your network such as friends, roommates, or family members are participating in bandwidth-heavy activities like gaming and streaming Ultrabox/ Netflix.
Fortunately, if this is the case, you can prioritize your own network traffic by enabling Quality of Service in your router settings.
If the problem persists, please run a Ping Test, Traceroute Test and attach the picture or screenshot of both test results in the Feedback Form below, in order for us to provide further assistances.
Please make sure to attach the required screenshot(s) in ONE file (i.e. Microsoft Word document, PDF, Image file) before submitting the form.
Quick Info
A Speedtest is a service that provides free analysis of Internet access parameters, such as connection data rate.
A Ping Test shows how long it takes for packets to reach host.
A Traceroute Test traces the route of packets to destination host from our server.
1. Tune to channel 200 on your Astro box and wait for a few seconds. By default, the selector will be on Packs. Press up/down to select your preferable pack, and press "OK"

2. Select the option for Monthly Subscription

3. Send the WhatsApp code as per displayed on the TV screen

Your monthly bill of the previous and new pack will be prorated. This will be reflected into your bill accordingly.
Astro continuously reviews its content proposition to offer the best choices and a variety of compelling content for our customers for the best viewing experience. As such, we will cease the sale of PPV passes on CH200 from 8 October onwards.
Customers can continue to enjoy their favourite content by subscribing to the relevant packs and stay tuned for more exciting offers to be announced soon.
Although it is possible to pair the second mesh node unit with the first mesh, customers are advised to follow similar steps in setting up the Mesh Network by pairing the mesh unit with the WiFi router instead.
We have discontinued offering the PVR box to our customers. You may opt to take up our latest 4K UHD supported Ultra Box instead. For more information, visit https://product.astro.com.my/box.
Alternatively, you may reach out to us at 03-7481 8000 for further enquiries or to sign up for the Ultra Box.
Currently Astro GO is only available in Malaysia. You will not be able to access it if you are overseas.
To set up a Mesh WiFi network around your house, the Mesh unit will need to be paired with the WiFi router. Steps to pair these two devices are as follows:
i. Place the Mesh unit close to the WiFi router (within 2 meters) and power it on
ii. After the Mesh unit starts up, press and hold the WPS buttons of the Mesh unit and the WiFi router for 3 - 5 seconds in turn within 2 minutes
iii. After the WLAN and Internet indicators of the Mesh turns steady blue, the Mesh is connected to the Internet
iv. Move the Mesh to the desired place where you need to expand WiFi and power it on. After the Internet indicator turns steady blue, WiFi is expanded successfully.
STEP 1
Press "HOME" button on your remote control.

STEP 2
Navigate to My TV and press "OK".

STEP 3
Navigate to Bookings and press "OK".

STEP 4
Your list of your booking programs will be displayed.
